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161.
Shahar G Porcerelli JH Kamoo R Epperson CN Czarkowski KA Magriples U Mayes LC 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2010,58(5):953-974
In an attempt to illustrate the relevance of psychoanalytic theory and research to behavior medicine, an empirical investigation was conducted of females treated at a high-risk pregnancy specialty clinic (N = 58). Drawing from psychoanalytic object relations theory, it was hypothesized and confirmed that use of projection as a defense mechanism during pregnancy, superimposed on simplistic object relations, predicted an erosion of patient-provider relationships during the pregnancy/postdelivery period. Findings are interpreted through the perspective of mentalization, pertaining to individuals' ability to understand the mental states of self and others, specifically under significant stress. Implications for psychoanalytically oriented assessment and treatment, and for the rift between psychoanalysis and research, are discussed. 相似文献
162.
Dezutter J Robertson LA Luyckx K Hutsebaut D 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2010,49(3):507-516
Chronic pain (CP) is a stressful condition that severely impacts individuals' lives. Researchers have begun to explore the role of religion for CP patients, but the literature is scarce, especially for West European populations. Drawing from the transactional theory of stress, this study examined the associations between the religious meaning system and the life satisfaction for a group of CP patients who were members of a Flemish patients' association. To take into account the religious landscape of West European countries, the centrality of one's religious meaning system, rather than religious content, was the focus. Results from the questionnaires completed by 207 patients suggest that the centrality of a meaning system is an important factor in the promotion of life satisfaction for this group, above and beyond the influence of several control variables. Furthermore, the centrality of the religious meaning system moderated or buffered the detrimental influence of pain severity on life satisfaction. 相似文献
163.
Spatial judgments are affected by both fine-grained and categorical knowledge. We investigated whether, and how, the two forms
of knowledge are learned in real-world, navigable space, as well as the time course of learning each type of knowledge. Participants
were Northwestern University undergraduates who estimated the locations of buildings and other landmarks on campus. The Northwestern
campus is roughly divided into three regions whose borders are not easy to discern, either from a map or by navigation. Nevertheless,
students often refer to these regions linguistically and use them when making housing decisions, choosing classes, and so
forth. We found that knowledge of both the fine-grained configuration of locations and the regional distinctions increased
with time. However, regional influences on judgments occurred later in students’ time on campus. Consequently, computed distances
across the nonexistent border between north and south campus locations became more biased with time. The results have implications
for understanding how spatial representations develop in navigable environments. 相似文献
164.
This study examined demographic and denominational differences in religious involvement (i.e., organizational, non-organizational, subjective) among Caribbean Blacks (Black Caribbeans) residing in the U.S. using data from the National Survey of American Life. Caribbean Blacks who were born in the U.S. had lower levels of religious involvement than those who immigrated and respondents originating from Haiti (as compared to Jamaica) had higher levels of religious involvement, while persons from Trinidad-Tobago reported lower service attendance than did Jamaicans. Older persons, women and married persons generally demonstrated greater religious involvement than their counterparts, while highly educated respondents expressed lower levels of self-rated religiosity. Denominational differences indicated that Baptists reported high levels of religious involvement; however, in several cases, Pentecostals and Seventh Day Adventists reported greater involvement. 相似文献
165.
Past research has associated depression with memory biases pertaining to the frequency, duration, and specificity of past events. Associations have been proposed between both negative and positive memory biases and depression symptoms. However, research has not examined the occurrence of actual events over time in the study of memory bias. To address these limitations and investigate whether a negative or positive memory bias is associated with symptoms of depression, we collected weekly data on specific types of life events over a 4-year period from a sample of college students, and asked students to recall event frequency at the end of that period. Exaggerated recall of frequency for positive events but not other types of events was associated with depression symptoms, using both continuous and categorical measures. Moderator analyses indicated that these effects were evidenced primarily for memories involving the self and among individuals low in trait self-enhancement. The current study indicates that positive memory-frequency bias is an important type of memory bias associated with symptoms of depression. Results support the idea that the link between memory bias for positive event frequency and depressed mood arises out of a current-self vs past-self comparison. 相似文献
166.
167.
Hanna Zagefka Dennis Nigbur Roberto Gonzalez Linda Tip 《International journal of psychology》2013,48(1):60-68
A study with British participants (N = 90) tested a potential mediator of the effect of essentialist beliefs about the national ingroup on prejudice against immigrants. Essentialist beliefs were defined as beliefs in genetic determinism, a basic assumption that group membership is “written in the blood” and that the groups’ boundaries and characteristics are determined by genetic and/or biological factors. Essentialist beliefs were expected to play an important role in the formation of prejudice. They were predicted to be associated with a reduction in the perceived possibility of immigrants’ adopting the mainstream culture. Further, it was expected that essentialist beliefs would be positively associated with perceptions of intergroup threat, which in turn would be associated with a stronger demand for immigrants adopting the mainstream culture. Taken together, essentialist beliefs were predicted to be associated with a greater discrepancy between the demand for and perceived feasibility of culture adoption. This discrepancy was hypothesized to mediate the effect of essentialist beliefs on prejudice against immigrants. Structural equation modeling analysis and mediation analysis supported the hypotheses, showing that essentialism attributed to the national ingroup results in people demanding something seemingly impossible from immigrants, and that this situation in which immigrants have little chance of fulfilling majority members’ expectations results in prejudice against them. Thus, results show that perceptions of the ingroup are associated with attitudes to the outgroup, and they outline an explanatory mechanism for the positive correlation between essentialism and prejudice which has been found in previous research. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. 相似文献
168.
Raymond W. Kulhavy Linda C. Caterino Fabrizio Melchiori 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(3):297-304
Undergraduate Italian students studied a set of 16 feature markers that were either distributed across the areal domain of a map or listed next to the map outline. They then learned a series of 16 sentences in which subject nouns matched feature markers. Following learning, subjects either did or did not see the original features as they attempted to recall the stimulus sentences. In addition, control subjects heard the sentences and saw the map outline but did not see the feature markers. Subjects in the map-plus-features group who were cued at retrieval outperformed all other groups, especially on the second of two trials. The data support the conjoint retention hypothesis, which states that maps are stored as intact images and are then economically represented in working memory where the features serve as second stratum cues for the retrieval of related verbal information. 相似文献
169.
Michael J. Wavering Linda J. Kelsey Bruce Perry 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(3):279-288
This study explored the relationship between illegitimate birth and cognitive development among 513 boys on probation. Prior research has shown that being part of a single-parent household leads to diminished verbal capacities and often puts a child in greater danger of abuse and neglect. Frequent abuse is thought to lead to the enhancement of visual and spatial skills relative to verbal skills through a process of “frozen watchfulness”. I hypothesized that illegitimate boys from one-parent homes would have greater verbal-performance discrepancy scores than would boys from other combinations of birth status and family structure. These boys had the lowest verbal IQ and highest performance IQ scores and, hence, the largest discrepancy. These boys also suffered the highest degree of abuse and neglect of all four birth status/family structure combinations studied. 相似文献
170.
Donald K. Routh Robert G. Warehime Robert Gresen Linda Rogers 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(4):342-350
Ratings were obtained from 30 male college students as to the sexual stimulus relevance of a number of pictures from magazines, each depicting a man and a woman. Then a different group of 72 male students were asked to tell stories about the situations depicted in pictures representing 4 levels of rated sexual stimulus relevance. Half were given ambiguous instructions, while the other half were instructed to tell sexy stories. In general, sexier pictures elicited sexier stories, the effect being more marked with ambiguous instructions. Sexy instructions led to sexier stories except at the highest level of stimulus relevance. The results were interpreted within the framework of an abilities conception of personality. 相似文献