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281.
This study examined the main and interactive relations of stressors and coping related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) with Chinese college students' psychological adjustment (psychological symptoms, perceived general health, and life satisfaction) during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic. All the constructs were assessed by self-report in an anonymous survey during the final period of the outbreak. Results showed that the relations of stressors and coping to psychological adjustment varied by domain of adjustment. Regression analyses suggested that the number of stressors and use of avoidant coping strategies positively predicted psychological symptoms. Active coping positively predicted life satisfaction when controlling for stressors. Moreover, all types of coping served as a buffer against the negative impact of stressors on perceived general health. These findings hold implications for university counseling services during times of acute, large-scale stressors. In particular, effective screening procedures should be developed to identify students who experience a large number of stressors and thus are at high risk for developing mental health problems. Intervention efforts that target coping should be adapted to take account of the uncontrollability of stressors and clients' cultural preferences for certain coping strategies. A multidimensional battery of psychological adjustment should be used to monitor clients' psychological adjustment to stressors and evaluate the efficacy of intervention. 相似文献
282.
John Dixon Kevin Durrheim Colin G. Tredoux Linda R. Tropp Beverley Clack Liberty Eaton Michael Quayle 《Political psychology》2010,31(6):831-855
A Random Digit Dialing survey (n = 794) examined the interracial contact experiences and racial attitudes of White South Africans. The survey measured racial attitudes not only in terms of individuals' prejudice, but also in terms of their perceptions of group threat, perceived injustice, and support for various government policies designed to rectify the legacy of apartheid. The results indicated that the frequency and quality of interracial contact predicted Whites' support for both race compensatory and race preferential policies of redress, and these effects were partly mediated by perceived threat, sense of fairness, and racial prejudice. The research points to a potential rapprochement between the social psychological theories of intergroup contact and group positioning theories derived from the work of Blumer. It also highlights the value of adopting a more expansive and politically nuanced conception of the “consequences” of contact and desegregation. 相似文献
283.
The present work aims to investigate the relation between appraisals, emotions, and emotion regulation strategies by creating
a structural equation model which integrates these three aspects of the emotion process. To reach this aim, Italian students
(N = 610) confronted with their high school diploma examination completed a questionnaire 3 weeks before the beginning of the
exam. Results showed that they experienced primarily three types of emotions—anxiety/fear, frustration/powerlessness, positive
emotions—which were related to specific appraisal profiles. Importantly, these appraisal profiles and emotions were associated
with the use of different strategies for regulating emotions: anxiety/fear was associated with focusing on the exam, drug
use, and an inability to distance oneself from the exam; frustration/powerlessness, with use of suppression, distancing, and
drugs; positive emotion, with reappraisal and problem focused strategies. The effectiveness of these different strategies
will be discussed. 相似文献
284.
This investigation tested for gender effects in conflict behaviors by examining the ratings made by the bosses, peers, and subordinates of over 2,000 working adults participating in leadership development programs conducted in the U.S.; the effects of two confounding factors—age and organizational status—were controlled in all analyses. Consistent with predictions derived from a gender role analysis, women were rated as significantly more likely to engage in almost every constructive behavior. Also as predicted, men were rated as more likely to engage in active destructive behaviors. Rater gender had no effect for peers and subordinates, but female bosses made more positive ratings of targets than male bosses. In general, bosses rated targets somewhat higher on passive responses. 相似文献
285.
Christine A. Gubbins Linda M. Perosa Suzanne Bartle-Haring 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2010,32(4):383-395
One hundred sixty-nine couples completed measures of Bowen’s concept of differentiation/individuation (including emotional
reactivity to parents and triangulation into parental disputes), and Gottman’s concepts related to current marital dynamics
(e.g., flooding, marital satisfaction/adjustment). The results of canonical correlations run separately for males and females
supported hypothesized relationships between differentiation and flooding and satisfaction. Gender differences are discussed
as well as implications for counseling/therapy. 相似文献
286.
Terry S. Falcomata Linda J. Cooper-Brown David P. Wacker Andrew W. Gardner Eric W. Boelter 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2010,19(4):257-272
We conducted an assessment of self-control and impulsivity with 9 children referred to an outpatient clinic for impulsive,
inattentive, and hyperactive behaviors. Each condition of the assessment consisted of a choice between 2 concurrently presented
math or writing tasks, with 1 alternative reflecting impulsive responding and 1 alternative reflecting self-control. For the
participants who demonstrated impulsive responding in 1 of 2 baseline conditions, we systematically varied reinforcer quality,
delay to reinforcement, and response effort to evaluate the effects of these dimensions on the participants’ choices. Results
of the assessment revealed that 3 participants displayed self-control responding, and 6 participants displayed impulsive responding
during baseline conditions. Of the participants who displayed initial impulsivity, all showed self-control when 1 or more
response or reinforcement dimensions were modified to bias responding within a brief multielement design. Results provide
a unique application of concurrent schedules for conducting a brief assessment of impulsive responding in an outpatient clinical
setting. 相似文献
287.
Thompson BM Baratta MV Biedenkapp JC Rudy JW Watkins LR Maier SF 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2010,17(11):591-599
Activation of the infralimbic region (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reduces conditioned fear in a variety of situations, and the IL is thought to play an important role in the extinction of conditioned fear. Here we report a series of experiments using contextual fear conditioning in which the IL is activated with the GABAa antagonist picrotoxin (Ptx) during a single extinction session in the fear context. We investigate the impact of this manipulation on subsequent extinction sessions in which Ptx is no longer present. First, we demonstrate that a single treatment with intra-IL Ptx administered in a conditioned fear context greatly accelerates the rate of extinction on the following days. Importantly, IL-Ptx also enhances extinction to a different fear context than the one in which IL-Ptx was administered. Thus, IL-Ptx primes extinction learning regardless of the fear context in which the IL was initially activated. Second, activation of the IL must occur in conjunction with a fear context in order to enhance extinction; the extinction enhancing effect is not observable if IL-Ptx is administered in a neutral context. Finally, this extinction enhancing effect is specific to the IL for it does not occur if Ptx is injected into the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFC. The results indicate a novel persisting control of fear induced by activation of the IL and suggest that IL activation induces changes in extinction-related circuitry that prime extinction learning. 相似文献
288.
English, French, and bilingual English-French 17-month-old infants were compared for their performance on a word learning task using the Switch task. Object names presented a /b/ vs. /g/ contrast that is phonemic in both English and French, and auditory strings comprised English and French pronunciations by an adult bilingual. Infants were habituated to two novel objects labeled 'bowce' or 'gowce' and were then presented with a switch trial where a familiar word and familiar object were paired in a novel combination, and a same trial with a familiar word–object pairing. Bilingual infants looked significantly longer to switch vs. same trials, but English and French monolinguals did not, suggesting that bilingual infants can learn word–object associations when the phonetic conditions favor their input. Monolingual infants likely failed because the bilingual mode of presentation increased phonetic variability and did not match their real-world input. Experiment 2 tested this hypothesis by presenting monolingual infants with nonce word tokens restricted to native language pronunciations. Monolinguals succeeded in this case. Experiment 3 revealed that the presence of unfamiliar pronunciations in Experiment 2, rather than a reduction in overall phonetic variability was the key factor to success, as French infants failed when tested with English pronunciations of the nonce words. Thus phonetic variability impacts how infants perform in the switch task in ways that contribute to differences in monolingual and bilingual performance. Moreover, both monolinguals and bilinguals are developing adaptive speech processing skills that are specific to the language(s) they are learning. 相似文献
289.
Linda Fisher 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(1):83-95
A feminist phenomenological analysis of voice, rooted in both the feminist understanding of the role of voice in identity,
agency, and the creation of meaning, and the phenomenological thematization and theorization of phenomenal, lived experience,
leads to a deeper understanding of the importance of the materiality of the voices with which we speak, and their role in
both subjective and intersubjective experience. Starting from an analysis of the intertwined associations and imageries of
the feminine, voice, and embodiment, I discuss the denaturalization and abstraction of voice in standard narratives of voice
and voice metaphorization, and the corresponding forgetting of the living, bodily voice. In looking to recall a re-naturalized
and immanent corporeality and retrieve the material voice through an account of embodied vocality, I consider examples of
the power and immediacy of the corporeal voice in the female operatic voice, and in contrast, the compromised agency and attenuated
(inter)subjectivity which attends the impaired or lost physical voice. These vocal counterpoints of presence and absence are
often separated by corporeal disturbance or limitation, underscoring the importance of corporeality and the material voice
as intermediary between the individual and the social world. This sets the contours of a phenomenology of embodied voice and
vocality, holding implications for accounts of identity and intersubjectivity, gendered vocality and expressive agency, and
an intercorporeality mediated by the living material voice. 相似文献
290.
The ability to disengage from hopeless situations is critical to goal attainment and effective self-regulation. Two experiments
investigated the effects of striving to attain success (approach goals) versus striving to avoid failure (avoidance goals)
on persistence. Participants completed anagrams designed so that less persistence during an initial set of unsolvable anagrams
was beneficial. In Study 1, participants reported how motivated they were by approach and avoidance goals. In Study 2, participants
were primed to set approach or avoidance goals. Participants with avoidance goals persisted longer during failure, with more
intense and enduring emotional distress, than those with approach goals. Greater anger predicted spending more time on subsequent
unsolvable anagrams and accounted for differences in persistence. The results suggest that people with approach goals are
better able to identify when they should disengage during failure, and disengage more completely, than people with avoidance
goals.
An earlier version of this article was presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology conference, Palm Springs,
CA, January, 2006. 相似文献