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291.
English, French, and bilingual English-French 17-month-old infants were compared for their performance on a word learning task using the Switch task. Object names presented a /b/ vs. /g/ contrast that is phonemic in both English and French, and auditory strings comprised English and French pronunciations by an adult bilingual. Infants were habituated to two novel objects labeled 'bowce' or 'gowce' and were then presented with a switch trial where a familiar word and familiar object were paired in a novel combination, and a same trial with a familiar word–object pairing. Bilingual infants looked significantly longer to switch vs. same trials, but English and French monolinguals did not, suggesting that bilingual infants can learn word–object associations when the phonetic conditions favor their input. Monolingual infants likely failed because the bilingual mode of presentation increased phonetic variability and did not match their real-world input. Experiment 2 tested this hypothesis by presenting monolingual infants with nonce word tokens restricted to native language pronunciations. Monolinguals succeeded in this case. Experiment 3 revealed that the presence of unfamiliar pronunciations in Experiment 2, rather than a reduction in overall phonetic variability was the key factor to success, as French infants failed when tested with English pronunciations of the nonce words. Thus phonetic variability impacts how infants perform in the switch task in ways that contribute to differences in monolingual and bilingual performance. Moreover, both monolinguals and bilinguals are developing adaptive speech processing skills that are specific to the language(s) they are learning. 相似文献
292.
Linda Fisher 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(1):83-95
A feminist phenomenological analysis of voice, rooted in both the feminist understanding of the role of voice in identity,
agency, and the creation of meaning, and the phenomenological thematization and theorization of phenomenal, lived experience,
leads to a deeper understanding of the importance of the materiality of the voices with which we speak, and their role in
both subjective and intersubjective experience. Starting from an analysis of the intertwined associations and imageries of
the feminine, voice, and embodiment, I discuss the denaturalization and abstraction of voice in standard narratives of voice
and voice metaphorization, and the corresponding forgetting of the living, bodily voice. In looking to recall a re-naturalized
and immanent corporeality and retrieve the material voice through an account of embodied vocality, I consider examples of
the power and immediacy of the corporeal voice in the female operatic voice, and in contrast, the compromised agency and attenuated
(inter)subjectivity which attends the impaired or lost physical voice. These vocal counterpoints of presence and absence are
often separated by corporeal disturbance or limitation, underscoring the importance of corporeality and the material voice
as intermediary between the individual and the social world. This sets the contours of a phenomenology of embodied voice and
vocality, holding implications for accounts of identity and intersubjectivity, gendered vocality and expressive agency, and
an intercorporeality mediated by the living material voice. 相似文献
293.
The ability to disengage from hopeless situations is critical to goal attainment and effective self-regulation. Two experiments
investigated the effects of striving to attain success (approach goals) versus striving to avoid failure (avoidance goals)
on persistence. Participants completed anagrams designed so that less persistence during an initial set of unsolvable anagrams
was beneficial. In Study 1, participants reported how motivated they were by approach and avoidance goals. In Study 2, participants
were primed to set approach or avoidance goals. Participants with avoidance goals persisted longer during failure, with more
intense and enduring emotional distress, than those with approach goals. Greater anger predicted spending more time on subsequent
unsolvable anagrams and accounted for differences in persistence. The results suggest that people with approach goals are
better able to identify when they should disengage during failure, and disengage more completely, than people with avoidance
goals.
An earlier version of this article was presented at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology conference, Palm Springs,
CA, January, 2006. 相似文献
294.
The relationship between activation of the right cerebral hemisphere (RH) and empathy was investigated. Twenty-two men and 73 women participated by completing a chimeric face task and empathy questionnaire. For the face task, participants were asked to pick which of the two chimeric faces looked happier. Both men and women were significantly more likely to say the chimera with the smile to their left was happier, suggesting activation of the RH. As expected, men scored significantly lower than women on the empathy questionnaire, p = .003. A correlation was found between RH activation on the face task and empathy for women only, p = .037, suggesting a possible neural basis for gender differences in empathy. 相似文献
295.
Perceptual reorganisation of infants' speech perception has been found from 6 months for consonants and earlier for vowels. Recently, similar reorganisation has been found for lexical tone between 6 and 9 months of age. Given that there is a close relationship between vowels and tones, this study investigates whether the perceptual reorganisation for tone begins earlier than 6 months. Non-tone language English and French infants were tested with the Thai low vs. rising lexical tone contrast, using the stimulus alternating preference procedure. Four- and 6-month-old infants discriminated the lexical tones, and there was no decline in discrimination performance across these ages. However, 9-month-olds failed to discriminate the lexical tones. This particular pattern of decline in nonnative tone discrimination over age indicates that perceptual reorganisation for tone does not parallel the developmentally prior decline observed in vowel perception. The findings converge with previous developmental cross-language findings on tone perception in English-language infants [Mattock, K., & Burnham, D. (2006). Chinese and English infants' tone perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization. Infancy, 10(3)], and extend them by showing similar perceptual reorganisation for non-tone language infants learning rhythmically different non-tone languages (English and French). 相似文献
296.
297.
The English plural is about the number of individuals in a set of like kinds. Two-year-old children use the plural but do not do so in all obligatory contexts. The present report asks whether the limitations on their production of the plural are related to aspects of meaning. In two Experiments plural productions were elicited from 2-year-old children for sets of size two and four and for instances of basic-level categories that were either similar or identical. Children were much more likely to produce the plural of these well-known nouns when there were four rather than two and when the instances were identical rather than merely similar. The results provide new evidence on children's acquisition of the English plural, showing that children's early productions are not just limited by knowledge of the noun and its plural form but also is limited by properties of the labeled sets in ways that are relevant to the underlying meaning of the plural. 相似文献
298.
Physiology and functioning: Parents' vagal tone, emotion socialization, and children's emotion knowledge 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined relationships among parents’ physiological regulation, their emotion socialization behaviors, and their children’s emotion knowledge. Parents’ resting cardiac vagal tone was measured, and parents provided information regarding their socialization behaviors and family emotional expressiveness. Their 4- or 5-year-old children (N = 42) participated in a laboratory session in which their knowledge of emotional facial expressions and situations was tested and their own resting vagal tone was monitored. Results showed that parents’ vagal tone was related to their socialization behaviors, and several parent socialization variables were related to their children’s emotion knowledge. These findings suggest that parents’ physiological regulation may affect the emotional development of their children by influencing their parenting behaviors. 相似文献
299.
With a little help from my cross-group friend: reducing anxiety in intergroup contexts through cross-group friendship 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Page-Gould E Mendoza-Denton R Tropp LR 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,95(5):1080-1094
The authors induced cross-group friendship between Latinos/as and Whites to test the effects of cross-group friendship on anxiety in intergroup contexts. Cross-group friendship led to decreases in cortisol reactivity (a hormonal correlate of stress; W. R. Lovallo & T. L. Thomas, 2000) over 3 friendship meetings among participants high in race-based rejection sensitivity (R. Mendoza-Denton, G. Downey, V. J. Purdie, A. Davis, & J. Pietrzak, 2002) and participants high in implicit prejudice (A. G. Greenwald, B. A. Nosek, & M. R. Banaji, 2003). Cross-group partners' prior intergroup contact moderated the relationship between race-based rejection sensitivity and cortisol reactivity. Following the manipulation, participants kept daily diaries of their experiences in an ethnically diverse setting. Implicitly prejudiced participants initiated more intergroup interactions during the diary period after making a cross-group friend. Participants who had made a cross-group friend reported lower anxious mood during the diary period, which compensated for greater anxious mood among participants high in race-based rejection sensitivity. These findings provide experimental evidence that cross-group friendship is beneficial for people who are likely to experience anxiety in intergroup contexts. 相似文献
300.
Sellbom M Ben-Porath YS Baum LJ Erez E Gregory C 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(2):129-135
We examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales in predicting relevant historical variables, treatment success, and recidivism in offenders enrolled in a batterers' intervention program. We used a sample studied previously by Petroskey, Ben-Porath, and Erez (2002), which included an ethnically diverse group of 483 men enrolled in a psychoeducational batterer's intervention program. We coded various historical variables (e.g., criminal history, substance abuse problems, mental health treatment, anger problems, and amount of partner violence), treatment dismissal, and recidivism up to 1 year posttreatment. Correlational analyses with the historical variables provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the RC scales in this forensic sample. Regression analyses showed that these scales added to the historical variables in predicting treatment failure and recidivism. Relative risk analyses indicated the extent to which individuals entering treatment with elevated scores on RC4 and RC9 were at increased risk for these negative outcomes. 相似文献