试论中国法律语言心理学体系的构建

法律语言心理学是运用心理学的研究方法,对法律活动中的语言现象进行心理学分析的新兴的边缘学科,具有跨学科的多学科性质。在中国古代文化中就有法律语言心理学思想的文字表述和研究实践。在西方则肇始于19世纪末的欧洲社会,敏斯特伯格和卡特尔等人开拓了这个领域的先驱性研究。二战后,法律语言心理学的中心转向美国,通过法律心理学研究和心理学研究方法的使用推动了法律语言心理学的研究和实践。法律语言心理学的研究对象是立法、司法、守法和违法等法律活动中的语言行为,其任务是研究意识层面和无意识层面的法律语言行为。建立法律语言心理学体系必须从立法语言心理学、司法语言心理学和执法、守法、普法等语言心理学的视角开展研究,才能创立一门跨学科的、有实践应用价值的新兴学科。     

Modeling of 1-3 piezoelectric composites operating in thickness-stretch vibration mode

For bulk piezoelectric ceramics plates, the fundamental thickness-stretch (TSt) waves are always coupled to the in-plane extension waves and the symmetric thickness-shear waves. The occurrence of these spurious modes in bulk piezoelectric ceramics plates is undesirable as it may interfere with the operation of transducers. 1–3 piezoelectric composites are promising candidates to suppress the spurious modes mentioned above. However, theoretical modelling of multiphase ceramic composite objects is very complex. In this study, a simple analytical TSt vibration model is constructed from three-dimensional equations of linear piezoelectricity. The mechanical damping is considered in the model by introducing a complex elastic constant. The performance of 1–3 piezoelectric composites is analysed and the electrical impedance results from theoretical and experimental analysis are compared. The results show that there is excellent agreement between the experimental electrical impedance and that obtained by the theoretical TSt vibration analysis. This indicates that 1–3 piezoelectric composites can be operated in a nearly pure TSt vibration mode near the fundamental resonance. The analytical model we present is valid for analysing 1–3 piezoelectric composites plates with large aspect ratios quickly and efficiently.     

Customer's perceived value of waiting time for service events

The authors address the effects of money gain and loss on individually perceived value as predicted by prospect theory in a time gain‐and‐loss context. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 results support the prospect theory concept of value function. According to Experiment 2 results, the amount of money involved exerted different impacts on individual perceptions—specifically, study participants preferred gaining $1 on one occasion to gaining 50 cents over two occasions and preferred losing $1 one time to losing 50 cents twice. Further, the combined results indicate that the study participants held different perceptions of the value of “short time” versus “little money”—that is, they preferred saving an extra 2 minutes on one occasion to saving 1 minute on two occasions and preferred waiting an extra 1 minute two times to waiting an extra 2 minutes one time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of affective and cognitive elaborations from Facebook posts on consumer attitude formation

This research investigates the effects of affect and cognition in consumers' information processing of branded content on Facebook pages. A model was suggested to delve into the elaboration process leading to consumer attitude formation. A 2 (purchase‐decision involvement: low versus high) × 2 (product categories: hedonic versus utilitarian) × 2 (sources of Facebook posts: brand posts versus consumer posts) between‐subjects experiment was conducted online. The validated model demonstrates the main effects that affective elaboration significantly supersedes cognitive elaboration in forming attitudes toward the posts and attitudes toward the brand. Post hoc analyses show further evidence of the interaction effects that affective elaboration is the dominant influencer when consumers process brand‐related information in Facebook posts across situations. Theoretical implications for future research and managerial suggestions for social media marketing are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gender differences in STEM undergraduates' vocational interests: People–thing orientation and goal affordances

This study addressed why women have greater representation in some STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields compared to others by linking two theoretical approaches, people–thing orientation (PO, TO) and role congruity theory, which emphasizes occupation goal affordances associated with traditionally feminine and masculine roles. Vocational interest and goal affordance ratings (having a positive social impact, family, and occupation status) for occupations characterized as working with people or things were assessed in 1848 students (42% female; 81% white non-Hispanic) majoring in biology (gender balanced), non-biology STEM (male-dominated), and female-dominated health fields. Participant PO and TO interests were also collected. Results indicated that non-biology STEM majors showed lower PO and higher TO interests than biology and health majors. Non-biology STEM majors also endorsed PO and TO interests at similar levels, but the other two major groups indicated higher PO than TO. People Jobs were perceived to more likely afford goals related to family and positive social impact; whereas Thing Jobs were perceived to more likely afford status goals. Interest in People Jobs was similar for women in both STEM major groups. Female non-biology STEM majors were equally interested in People and Thing Jobs; whereas biology majors preferred People Jobs. PO, TO, and goal affordance ratings independently predicted interest in People and Thing Jobs, and gender accounted for very little additional variance. Taken together, the findings point to the importance of using both person–thing orientation and role congruity theory when explaining varied gender representations in different STEM fields.     

重大传染病感染患者的道德创伤隐患研究

重大传染病疫情背景下,病原体的不断变异、疫苗保护效力的不确定性以及诸多后遗症会导致疫情难以控制,并且造成一个数量极其庞大的特殊弱势群体—感染患者。在感染患者从疑似患病到康复的期间,影响他人工作生活、恶化疫情防控形势、感染他人、亲友的抛弃、传染病污名化、医疗资源分配不均以及社会的歧视与排挤等潜在的道德创伤源会对其内心原本的道德体系产生巨大的冲击,甚至改变其原有的道德认知并击溃其积极的道德情感,从而产生道德创伤。在此基础上,感染患者会因此产生一系列社会问题、信任问题、精神问题、生存问题以及诸多消极观念。

     

人与世界:以事观之——杨国荣教授访谈

以事观之,主要是从"事"这一角度出发来对人和世界加以理解,而不是对"事"本身做出某种终极的哲学论述。现实世界与真实存在的生成过程,与人所从事的多样活动——人所作的多样之事——无法相分。西方没有类似"事"这样的概念,这表明了中国哲学的独特意义:中国哲学包含不少其他文化传统所缺乏的概念,后者有助于我们更深入地理解现实世界和人类生活。就意识层面而言,作为意识主体的自我和作为反观对象的自我之间的关联,实在地发生于做事过程。在事的展开过程中,知识与价值的问题密切联系在一起,做事既需要解决做什么的问题,也需要解决怎么做的问题。从事的角度来看,儒道两家的理想人格呈现出不同特点。道家以自然为第一原则,主张"为无为",儒家则更重视参与活动的合目的性。从事的角度来理解世界和人,既着眼于大的哲学问题,也关注于伦理学、语言哲学等具体领域的思考。     

冠心病支架术后再狭窄的综合解析

综合正在成为冠心病治疗的重要原则。用综合的思想看待支架术后的再狭窄问题有重要意义,从支架术后的再狭窄的概念到再狭窄发病机制的认识以及防治方法,无不体现综合的思想。正是这种多学科、多领域的综合联系推动着冠心病支架术后的再狭窄防治方法的不断改进与提高,同时也加深了人们对该问题的认识。同时,也让我们认识到,从再狭窄这一个单纯的问题,可以体现出医生的综合素质与能力。综合思想在科研工作中具有重要作用。