A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship Between Fluency and Application for Multiplication

Research suggests component skill performance has a strong positive relationship with composite skill performance. This study examined the association between accuracy and fluency for the component-composite relationship within multiplication. One hundred and fifty-seven fifth-graders did one-minute assessments for single-digit, and multi-digit multiplication problems. The results demonstrated the students achieved high levels of accuracy but low levels of fluency. Strong correlations between the component-composite skill fluency suggest that fluent component skills may have a significant role in composite skill performance. Moderate/low correlations between component and composite skill accuracy indicate that more than one skill component may contribute to composite skill acquisition.     

轉爐炼鋼工火熖視觉判断的初步研究

一、轉炉炼鋼工培訓中存在的問題 生产劳动是劳动者利用劳动工具对劳动对象进行操作改变劳动对象生产成品。生产技术就包括劳动对象和劳动工具情况的掌握以及相应的操作活动。在有些生产领域或工种,如飞机、汽車駕駛,工具情况的掌握和相应的操作是生产技术的主要部分。在另一些生产领域或工种,劳动对象情况的掌握和相应的操作組成生产技术的关鍵部分,轉炉炼鋼就属于这类的生产領域。     

Risk perception and conspiracy theory endorsement predict compliance with COVID-19 public health measures

Public health measures such as spatial distancing and physical hygiene have been found effective in mitigating the spread of the coronavirus. However, there is considerable variability in individual compliance with such public health measures and factors contributing to these interindividual differences are currently still understudied. The present study set out to determine the role of risk perception and conspiracy theory endorsement on compliance with COVID-19 public health measures and explored variations in these associations across participant age and the developmental status of a country, leveraging a large multi-national data set (N = 45,772) across 66 countries/territories, collected via online survey during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and May 2020). Human Development Index (HDI), developed by the United Nations Development Program, was used as a proxy of a country's achievement in key dimensions of human development. Overall, higher risk perception was associated with greater compliance, particularly in individuals with greater conspiracy theory endorsement. Specifically, people from more developed countries who perceived themselves less at risk but showed stronger conspiracy theory endorsement reported the lowest compliance with COVID-19 public health measures. Findings from this study advance understanding of the interplay between risk perception and conspiracy theory endorsement in their effect on compliance with COVID-19 public health measures, under consideration of both individual-level and country-level demographic variables and have potential to inform the design of tailored interventions to fight the current and future global pandemics.     

A little help from my friends: Lack of social interaction predicts greater boredom during the COVID-19 pandemic

Were people bored during the pandemic, and if so why? One possibility is lack of social interaction due to restrictions on social activity intended to slow the spread of communicable disease. In a 3-week daily diary study (n = 438; international community sample) social interaction predicted boredom and its consequences. People felt more bored on days when they engaged in less social interaction than usual (in-person or virtually), largely driven by a lack of meaning. In turn, boredom predicted lower well-being concurrently, and more virtual interaction the next day; people dispositionally higher in trait boredom also reported more solitary (but not partnered) sexual activity. In conclusion, this study suggests that maintaining social connections, even during a pandemic, may be important to mitigate boredom and improve overall well-being.     

Learning versus behavioral expression of the learned: The effects of a secondary tone-counting task on implicit learning in the serial reaction task

The replicated finding that implicit learning in the serial reaction task (SRT) is impaired when both the learning and the assessment of learning occur in the presence of a secondary tone-counting task has been interpreted as implying that the mechanism(s) underlying implicit sequence learning require(s) attention in order to operate. However, in almost all studies, learning and the assessment of learning have been confounded. It is therefore unclear whether tone counting affects learning per se, the behavioral expression of the learned, or both. The goal of the present research was to disentangle the effects of tone counting on learning and the expression of the learned. In Exps. 1a and 1b, participants performed the Nissen and Bullemer SRT under different single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) practice schedules. In Exps. 2a and 2b, participants received different amounts of ST and DT practice. In all experiments, degree of implicit learning was then assessed under both ST and DT conditions. Results are consistent with the argument that primarily the expression of what has been learned and, to some extent, implicit learning itself, are affected by tone counting. These findings are easily understood in terms of specific interference mechanisms but are problematic for models that contain the assumption of an attentional learning mechanism. Received: 16 October 1996 / Accepted: 5 February 1997     

21世纪的中西医结合

世界各国对两种医学有“否定、容忍、平行”几种,都认为传统医学不科学,歧视之。中国采取“结合”原则,使中医学获大发。在相互理解基础上达到中西医团结,又在此基础取长补短,达到中西医结合关键是医疗效,使其建立在现代科学基础上,可信可重复,组织西学中是重要关键措施。     

拓扑性质知觉的大脑半球功能不对称性研究

本文以视觉的拓扑知觉理论为指导进行大脑半球功能不对称性的研究。全文共有三个实验,考察了辨别扭扑性质差异和其它几何性质差异时大脑半球的功能不对称性．拓扑性质差异包括洞（封闭性）的差异和内外关系的差异．实验结果显示：对于右利手被试,辨别拓扑性质差异时,左半球有优势。辨别距离和朝向等几何性质差异时,右半球有优势或没有统计显著的大脑半球功能不对称性。     

平滑运动条件下的图形颜色及形状加工特性的研究

本研究对在运动图形识别过程中,有关图形的不同特征（颜色、形状等）的加工特性、方向性效应以及不同空间位置（或时间间隔）对图形识别的影响了探讨。结果发现,视觉系统在运动信息加工时,对目标的不同特征的加工存在不均衡性,加工的难度有差异。颜色的加工难度要比形状的加工难度小。视觉系统对不同运动方向上的图形匹配反应特性也存在差异,图形匹配过程受时间或距离因素的影响,匹配的反应时随着两个比较图形之间的空间距离的增加而减少。     

对FOK的线索熟悉性假说的重新检验

本研究的主要目标的,在于对ＦＯＫ的线索熟悉性假说进行重新检验。研究发现：如果采用１＊２设计而不是原来的１＊４设计并且增大处理间的对比力度的话,就可以观察到某些原来不能被观察到的关键性差异,而这些差异是ＦＯＫ的线索熟悉性假说不能解释的。     

Uses of Sex Appeals in Prime-Time Television Commercials

This study examines how sex appeals employed bymale and female models were utilized in Americantelevision commercials. It centers on the physicalcharacteristics and behavior of models appearing during primetime network programs, including bodilyshape, clothing revealment, physical contact, sexiness,attractiveness and physical as well as verbal innuendo.The study was based on 505 coding units sampled from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. on the major broadcastnetworks taped during a composite week of programming.The racial background of models was as follows:Caucasian (89.3%), Black (10.1%), Hispanic (.2%), Native American (.2%) and Asian (.2%). Resultsindicate that these commercials generally were notdominated by sex, although 12% of models appear in somestate of undress, and 8% feature sexually-orientedconduct. As both male and female models were depicted asequal sensual beings, females were presented as sexobjects more often than males.