我国心理学现代化的基本理论观点和方法论——从我国心理学三十年的实践谈起

建国以来我国心理学已经历了三十年的曲折发展过程。现在,我们以实践是检验真理的唯一标准的观点对三十年来我国心理学发展的经验教训进行探讨,就成为我国心理学现代化的一个重要研究课题。 一 冯特于1879年在莱比锡建立了心理学实验室,成为现代心理学的开端,至今整整一百     

中国实验心理学三十年

一 实验心理学已有悠久的历史,它建立于前一世纪的中叶,采用自然科学的方法研究心理学问题,在使心理学成为一门独立的科学上起了重要作用。但心理学被介绍到中国来还是在清朝末期,最早的一个心理学实验室是在1917年北京大学哲学系建立的。解放前的旧中国已有七、八个高等学校设置了心理学系,除了讲授普通心理学课程外,还开设     

暗示感受性和针刺对痛刺激引起的大脑诱发电位影响的关系

本工作的目的为继续探讨皮肤感觉(电感受性、电痛觉)的暗示感受性和针刺镇痛的关系。被试为30例正常人。方法:针刺镇痛的效果是通过观察针刺对痛刺激引起的大脑诱发电位的抑制效应,以第一体感区的P_2次波幅变化为客观指标。暗示实验重复过去方法。主要结果:1)针刺能镇痛,针刺对多数被试(21/3D)能抑制痛刺激引起的大脑诱发电位。2)暗示后电感受性和痛阈均有提高(分别为31.26％和18.37％)3)暗示感受性高低和针刺抑制痛刺激引起的大脑诱发电位没有相关(P>0.50)。还看到被试对针刺能镇痛的信任程度与针效无关,提示暗示在针刺镇痛中不起主要作用。     

On the detection of a brief signal in the temporal center of a noise masker of varying duration

The threshold of a brief signal temporally centered in a noise masker first increases and then decreases as the masker is increased in duration. We discuss two explanations for this “over-shoot” phenomenon which consider the role of peaks of an exponentially weighted sliding integrator. One such explanation takes into account the finding that the steepness of the psychometric function continues to increase monotonically as its location moves first right and then left.     

关于开展超常儿童心理发展的调查和追踪研究的一年总结

本文第一部分是对一年来各协作单位关于超常儿童的研究进行的简要总结,着重在根据现有调查和追踪研究的材料,概括出超常儿童共有的五个方面的特点。第二部分是对进一步开展协作研究提出的初步意见。     

中国儿童和青少年肤色色度的测定

采用色差测色计对548名3—17岁的中国儿童和青少年进行了脸颊部肤色色度测定,分别测出X、Y、Z三刺激值及x、y色度坐标。结果表明:中国儿童和青少年的平均肤色色度值为x=0,3828,y=0.3454;反射率为26.02%;主波长为590.2nm;刺激纯度(Pe)为27.4%。女性的反射率略高于男性,反射率有随着年龄增长而逐步下降的趋势。男性的肤色刺激纯度则略高于女性,饱和度随着年龄增长而有逐步增大的趋势。中国儿童和青少年的结果和成年人的比较,反射率较之成年人高3%左右,饱和度则低4%左右,主波长则较长约0.9nm。     

文昌鱼的光动反应

文昌鱼的中枢神经系统早在上个世纪就受到神经解剖学家们的注意。这是因为它代表着动物演化上的一个很典型的阶段。在这个阶段,动物身体的背侧开始有了神经管。这个神经管在外形上很象脊椎动物胚胎初期形成的神经管,其内部的神经组织也较简单。此外,正如神经管初成阶段的脊椎动物胚胎一样,文昌鱼还不具备发育的和特异     

有关《心灵学》一书的研究

在我国古时,虽然没有“心理学”这一学科的名称,但对心理问题的论述却有数千年的历史了。从事这方面研究的是我国古代的哲学家、教育家、文艺理论家和医药学家,他们对心理的研究,散见于各代的经、理、文、医学的群籍中,既有叙述的理论,也有应用的资料。但我国最早的心理学书却是从西方心理学翻译过来的。关于西方心理学传入我国始于何时?何人?背景条件如何?确是研究我国现代心理学起源的一个重要问题,也是中国现代心理学史不可缺少的史料之一。     

Rational Selective Exploitation Among Americans and Chinese: General Similarity, With One Surprise

A cross-cultural experiment tested predictions regarding reward allocation decisions among subjects in the United States and Taiwan. The experiment included five independent variables—two between-subject factors (American vs. Chinese; instrumental vs. unspecified vs. social-emotional allocator orientation) and three within-subject factors (high vs. low employee competence, social skill, and mobility). In general, Americans and Chinese distributed rewards quite similarly: In both cultures, allocators distributed greater rewards to employees who were more competent and possessed greater social skill. In both cultures, instrumental allocator orientation induced stronger tendencies to base allocations on competence; social-emotional allocator orientation induced stronger tendencies to base allocations on social skill. In both cultures, subjects engaged in competence-based "rational selective exploitation"—among highly competent employees, those with greater professional mobility received larger portions of the reward pool than did counterparts with constrained mobility. In both cultures, subjects also evidenced an unexpected social-skill-based rational selective exploitation—among employees with good social skill those with greater professional mobility received larger portions of the reward pool than did counterparts with constrained mobility. However, there were a number of interactions with culture that ran contrary to our a priori predictions: We hypothesized that Americans would exhibit greater individualism by focusing on competence in allocating outcomes, and that Chinese would exhibit greater collectivism by focusing on social skill. Although Americans did attend to employee competence more than Chinese, Americans also attended to employee social skill more than Chinese. These findings are discussed in terms of an expanded conceptualization of the nature of individualism and collectivism.     

辅音特征和声调识别中的耳优势

本文用双耳分听方法,用识别率和知党空间结构指数等指标,探讨左右耳在辅音特征和声调辨别上的优势问题。得到的主要结果是:(1)右耳辅音识别率高于左耳,声级对侧化效应有显著影响;(2)右耳辅音特征识别率高于左耳;(3)两耳的辅音知觉空间维度和维度的主次关系一致,辅音在知觉空间中的分布也无显著差异;(4)两耳声调识别率无差异,且声调知觉空间也极相似。