从“崇公抑私”到“尚公重私”——中国公私观转型视界中的公民精神培育

公私观念构成了中国人行动逻辑的深层基础,而公私差异生成了中国人行动逻辑的特殊主义特性.在"差序格局"与"伦理本住"的社会生活中,"天下为公"的理想、"大公无私"的品格、"崇公抑私"的手段所衍生的"公"的观念却始终是一种基于私人关系的圈层意识,无法超越"一己之私"的范畴,故而思想界多有诟病.在漫长的历史中形成并积淀扎根在中国人的文化心理结构中的公私观念,对于国人之公共参与行为、公民精神培育的影响,首先表现在对国人参与公共事务的意愿或动机的约束上.将公私看作是绝对冲突、势不两立的双方,并且将与个体自我有关的一切方面都归入"私"的范畴而视作必须灭绝铲除之列,如此逆人天性而行,则实际结果只能是公私关系的扭曲和逆转,只能是正常、正当的"公"与正常、正当的"私"的两败俱伤.追求程序公平,必然要肯定"合理之私";强调结果公平,必然要奉行"尚公之道".所以,培育公民精神,推进社会公平,需要大力提倡"尚公重私"的公私观.     

孝道的原本含义及现代价值

"孝"在传统社会中是人们安身立命的根本、治国安邦的大道,在现代的中国社会是建设和谐家庭、和谐社会极其重要的理念."孝"的原本含义是养、敬、立嗣、谏诤等,其现代意义则为赡养、尊敬、感恩、追思、亲和.在构建社会主义和谐社会的今天,继承和弘扬中华传统"孝"文化,具有重要的现实意义和价值.     

Parents Living with HIV in China: Family Functioning and Quality of Life

In China, HIV shifts the lifestyle of not only parents living with HIV/AIDS, but also their children, partners, and extended families. We examined factors related to the quality of life of parents living with HIV and the relation between family functioning and individual quality of life. Interviews were conducted with a total of 116 parents living with HIV/AIDS. Analyses of variance, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relation between family functioning and quality of life. We found a significant association between family functioning and individual quality of life for parents living with HIV. In particular, family sociability had a strong relationship with the quality of life of parents living with HIV. Parents living with HIV from families where both parents are HIV-positive reported a lower level of family sociability than those from families with only one HIV-positive parent. HIV disclosure, family sociability, and number of children per family were found to be significant predictors of overall quality of life for the population. Study findings underscore the importance of developing interventions that improve family functioning for people living with HIV/AIDS in China.     

The contribution of orthography to spoken word production: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese

A recent debate in the language production literature concerns the influence of a word’s orthographic information on spoken word production and the extent to which this influence is modulated by task context. In the present study, Mandarin Chinese participants produced sets of words that shared orthography (O+P−), phonology (O−P+), or orthography and phonology (O+P+), or were unrelated (O−P−), in the context of a reading, associative naming, or picture naming task. Shared phonology yielded facilitation effects in all three tasks, but only in the reading task was this phonological effect modulated by shared orthography. Shared orthography by itself (O+P−) revealed inhibitory effects in reading, but not in associative naming or in picture naming. These results suggest that a word’s orthography information influences spoken word production only in tasks that rely heavily on orthographic information.     

Genetic inactivation of D-amino acid oxidase enhances extinction and reversal learning in mice

Activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) glycine site has been shown to accelerate adaptive forms of learning that may benefit psychopathologies involving cognitive and perseverative disturbances. In this study, the effects of increasing the brain levels of the endogenous NMDAR glycine site agonist D-serine, through the genetic inactivation of its catabolic enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), were examined in behavioral tests of learning and memory. In the Morris water maze task (MWM), mice carrying the hypofunctional Dao1^G181R mutation demonstrated normal acquisition of a single platform location but had substantially improved memory for a new target location in the subsequent reversal phase. Furthermore, Dao1^G181R mutant animals exhibited an increased rate of extinction in the MWM that was similarly observed following pharmacological administration of D-serine (600 mg/kg) in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. In contextual and cued fear conditioning, no alterations were found in initial associative memory recall; however, extinction of the contextual fear memory was facilitated in mutant animals. Thus, an augmented level of D-serine resulting from reduced DAO activity promotes adaptive learning in response to changing conditions. The NMDAR glycine site and DAO may be promising therapeutic targets to improve cognitive flexibility and inhibitory learning in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety syndromes.The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has an important role in excitatory neurotransmission and contributes to numerous brain processes, including synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation (Nicoll 2003). Activation of NMDARs requires membrane depolarization in addition to concurrent binding of glutamate to NMDAR2 (NR2) and glycine to the NMDAR1 (NR1) subunit (Johnson and Ascher 1987; Clements and Westbrook 1991). D-serine has also been shown to be an endogenous co-agonist for the NR1 glycine site, acting with high selectivity and a potency similar to or greater than that of glycine (Matsui et al. 1995). In the brain, the localization of D-serine closely resembles that of NMDARs (Schell et al. 1997), and D-serine has been reported to be the predominant physiologic co-agonist for the maintenance of NMDAR-mediated currents in the hippocampus, retina, and hypothalamus (Mothet et al. 2000; Yang et al. 2003). Moreover, in vivo studies have demonstrated that the NMDAR glycine site is not saturated at the synapses of several brain regions (Fuchs et al. 2005). Consequently, increasing D-serine levels may modulate neurotransmission and behavioral responses reliant on NMDAR activity.The NMDAR glycine site has been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of a number of psychiatric conditions (Coyle and Tsai 2004; Millan 2005). Blockade of the NMDAR with noncompetitive antagonists like phencyclidine results in the production and exacerbation of schizophrenic-like symptoms in humans and animals (Javitt and Zukin 1991; Krystal et al. 1994). Genetic studies have associated genes that mediate D-serine synthesis and degradation with a vulnerability to schizophrenia, and levels of D-serine are decreased in the CSF and serum of schizophrenic patients (Chumakov et al. 2002; Hashimoto et al. 2003, 2005; Schumacher et al. 2004; Morita et al. 2007). These observations prompted clinical trials with direct and indirect activators of the NMDAR glycine site, including D-serine, and improvements were revealed when these compounds were added to conventional antipsychotic regimes, particularly with the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia (Tsai et al. 1998; Coyle and Tsai 2004; Heresco-Levy et al. 2005). Furthermore, altered NMDAR activation has also been shown to affect extinction, a learning process that may be of benefit in anxiety illnesses, such as post-traumatic stress syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Davis et al. 2006). In rodents, extinction was shown to be impaired following inhibition of NMDARs in contextual fear conditioning, inhibitory avoidance, and eyeblink conditioning tasks (Kehoe et al. 1996; Lee and Kim 1998; Szapiro et al. 2003). In contrast, the partial NMDAR agonist D-cycloserine facilitated the extinction of fear memories in rodents and individuals with phobias and other anxiety disorders (Ressler et al. 2004; Ledgerwood et al. 2005; Norberg et al. 2008). Thus, the NMDAR glycine site and its related modulatory proteins may be important targets for the amelioration of psychopathologies involving cognitive dysfunction and maladaptive behaviors.Endogenous levels of D-serine in the brain are regulated by its catabolic enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO); by the D-serine synthesis enzyme, serine racemase (Srr); and by neuronal and glial transporters (Foltyn et al. 2005; Martineau et al. 2006). Agents targeting such proteins may prove to be an effective method of increasing cerebral D-serine and occupancy of the NMDAR glycine site, which could overcome the difficulties D-serine and similar compounds have with penetrating the blood-brain barrier (Coyle and Tsai 2004; Bauer et al. 2005). Inhibiting DAO function in the brain is of particular interest as it would circumvent any nephrotoxicity associated with high levels of systemic D-serine (Maekawa et al. 2005a). DAO is a peroxisomal flavoprotein that at physiological pH is highly selective for D-serine, and in the brain, DAO is located predominantly in astrocytes (Mothet et al. 2000). An inverse correlation between the brain distribution of DAO and D-serine evinces the efficacy of this enzyme, with the most abundant DAO expression located in the D-serine-sparse hindbrain and cerebellum (Schell et al. 1995; Moreno et al. 1999). To study the effects of limiting DAO function, we tested a line of mice carrying a single point mutation (G181R) that results in a complete lack of DAO activity and consequently augmented D-serine in serum and brain (Sasaki et al. 1992; Hashimoto et al. 1993). These mice have previously been shown to exhibit an in vitro increase in NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord and an in vivo elevation of cGMP that is indicative of augmented NMDAR activity (Wake et al. 2001; Almond et al. 2006). This demonstrates that reduced DAO function is capable of augmenting NMDAR activation, and it may follow that cognitive and extinction processes influenced by NMDARs are enhanced in Dao1^G181R mutant mice. To investigate this possibility, we assessed the effects of the Dao1^G181R mutation on learning, memory, and extinction in Morris water maze (MWM) and in contextual and cued fear conditioning paradigms.     

Global Banking and Financial Services to Immigrants in Canada and the US

It is important to consider how financial institutions are adjusting their operational strategies because of the changing dynamics of financial resource and population flows. This paper compares the ways in which globally prominent banks provide financial services to immigrants in Canada and the US and addresses the following two research questions: (1) How has HSBC reacted strategically and operationally to people–money comovements involving immigrants, in which HSBC has ethnic assets, in the US and Canada? (2) What are the similarities and differences in HSBC’s strategic choices in entering or expanding in the San Francisco and Vancouver areas, and what explains such differences?     

Occult white matter damage contributes to intellectual disability in tuberous sclerosis complex

Whether patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have brain normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) damage and whether such damage contributes to their intellectual disability were examined in 15 TSC patients and 15 gender- and age-matched healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Histogram and region of interest (ROI) analyses of the mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were performed in the NAWM. Correlations between diffusion indices and the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and normalized lesion volume were also investigated. Compared with controls, both histogram and ROI analyses showed significant (P < .05) increased MD and decreased FA in the NAWM of TSC patients. In TSC patients, some of the histogram- and ROI-derived diffusion indices of the NAWM were correlated with FSIQ (P < .01), but none of them were correlated with the normalized lesion volume. These findings indicate that TSC patients have occult damage in the NAWM, which might be an important neural basis for intellectual disability in these patients.     

慢性应激诱导的抑郁小鼠神经肽Y的表达及抗抑郁药的作用

神经肽Y是一个多肽,广泛分布于周围和中枢神经系统,以下丘脑的浓度为高,参与机体神经内分泌、情绪、行为等的调节。 为探讨慢性应激诱导的抑郁模型小鼠脑内神经肽Y (NPY)的表达,以及抗抑郁药的作用机理,采用慢性应激与孤养方法,建立抑郁小鼠模型。用旷场行为 (Open-Field)法,观察模型组与正常对照组行为学改变方面的差异。将36 只抑郁模型小鼠随机分成盐酸氟西汀组、盐酸阿米替林组、生理盐水治疗组,并与12 只正常对照组比较。用半定量逆转录－聚合酶联反应(RT－PCR) 法、细胞酶联免疫法及蛋白免疫印迹(Western－blot) 法、免疫组织化学法,比较四组小鼠下丘脑NPY 的表达。结果表明：(1)与正常组比较,抑郁模型组小鼠活动总路程与活动次数减少（p< 0.01）,体重增速下降（p< 0.05）。（2）与正常组比较,抑郁模型组小鼠下丘脑NPY 的mRNA 表达下降（p< 0.01）;经盐酸氟西汀、盐酸阿米替林治疗后,下丘脑NPY 的mRNA 及蛋白表达增高,与生理盐水组比较差异显著（p< 0.01）。(3) 与正常组比较,生理盐水治疗组胞膜和胞质呈棕黄色染色,显示出明显的免疫组化阳性反应;经盐酸氟西汀、盐酸阿米替林治疗后,胞膜和胞质的着色与背景色接近,免疫组化呈弱阳性、阴性反应。提示抑郁模型组小鼠脑内NPY 表达水平有显著下降,使用抗抑郁药有利于提高脑内NPY 的mRNA 及蛋白表达,可能是此类药物产生抗抑郁效应的机制之一。     

行为治疗在癌症临床治疗中的应用

行为治疗是以学习理论为基础的一种心理治疗方法,近年来已被广泛用于癌症的临床治疗中,并在患者的心理和生理方面均取得一定的治疗效果。本文将对这些治疗方法及其治疗效果予以介绍     

正义的谱系——对分析马克思主义学派正义观的一种解读

分析马克思主义对正义理论的探讨最初从争论马克思是否谴责资本主义社会为不正义开始,大致时间是上个世纪70—80年代,随后持续发展。后来的分析马克思主义学派并没有停留在这一论题,而是进一步拓展到对马克思正义理论或者马克思主义正义理论的建构,这一工作一直延续至今。通过