《庄子》:从“道”到“无”的过渡

The first and foremost meaning of Tao in Laozi is the origin of Heaven and Earth, and the second is the root of the growth and development of myriad things. However, Laozi does not explicitly distinguish between these two meanings. It is Wang Bi in his commentaries of Laozi who converted the meaning of Tao as the origin to the foundation of things-as-they-are, and named such foundation Nothingness. He claimed that Nothingness is the foundation of myriad things. This transition of problem-consciousness and t...     

Design-Based Guidelines for the Semantic Perception of Emergency Signs

The current study applies semantic differential to explore the semantic perception of emergency signs, in an attempt to analyze the meanings of emergency signs in regard to the psychological exigencies of the general public. The results indicate that problems concerning recognition accuracy have been observed, but also that the evaluation of the semantic meaning of the signs is positive. However, a number of emotional factors also emerge, indicating that if improvements should be made to the existing emergency signs, it would better facilitate evacuation in the event of an emergency. As for the design guidelines, the emergency signs should be readily recognizable and have a single meaning. Multiple symbolic meanings should be eliminated. Concrete design guidelines include: (a) safety movement, (b) clarity, and (c) safety. To avoid confusion in sign recognition, in addition to the improvements made based on the abovementioned guidelines, educational promotional activities carried out by the government would also prove very beneficial.     

Skeptical Conclusions

For a putative knower S and a proposition P, two types of skepticism can be distinguished, depending on the conclusions they draw: outer skepticism, which concludes that S does not know that P, and inner skepticism, which concludes that S does not know whether P. This paper begins by showing that outer skepticism has undesirable consequences because that S does not know that P presupposes P, and inner skepticism does not have this undesirable consequence since that S does not know whether P does not presuppose P. We indicate that the two types of skepticism aim to different loci of doubts: while outer skepticism doubts whether we can gain an epistemic warrant for the actuality, inner skepticism doubts whether we can gain epistemic identification of the actuality. It is further indicated that responses to skepticism from externalist theories, as well as from fallibilist internalist theories, can only respond to outer skepticism but not to inner skepticism.     

Perception through a perspective-taking lens: Differential effects on judgment and behavior

In contrast to the view that social perception has symmetric effects on judgments and behavior, the current research explored whether perspective-taking leads stereotypes to differentially affect judgments and behavior. Across three studies, perspective-takers consistently used stereotypes more in their own behavior while simultaneously using them less in their judgments of others. After writing about an African-American, perspective-taking tendencies were positively correlated with aggressive behavior but negatively correlated with judging others as aggressive. Similarly, after writing about an elderly man, perspective-takers walked more slowly and became more conservative, but judged others as less dependent. These divergent effects of perspective-taking on judgment and behavior occurred regardless of whether perspective-taking was manipulated or measured, whether judgments were measured before or after behavior, the stereotype that was activated, and participants’ culture (American, Singaporean). These findings support theorizing that judgments and behavior can diverge when individuals’ social strategies are geared towards establishing and maintaining social bonds, as well as provide insight into how perspective-taking helps individuals manage diversity.     

视觉选择过程中眼跳与注意关系的理论进展

视觉选择的过程包含两种途径:眼跳行动和注意转移,两者对于视觉选择目标物的加工都有促进作用。鉴于此,视觉研究领域产生大量关于二者关联如何的实验研究,大部分研究者认为眼跳和注意转移存在密切联系。该文将关于两者关系的重要理论进行了综合阐述和简要比较,主要介绍五种理论假说:眼动准备假说、动前假说、顺序注意模型、视觉注意模型和竞争整合模型。     

琉球家族的宗教观与宗教生活——以祈愿文、结愿文为例

本文以家文书中祈愿文、结愿文为基本资料,分析琉球家族的宗教观和宗教生活。由于受到特殊的自然地理和历史文化的影响,琉球家族的宗教观是多神信仰,其中御岳、火神、祖灵、观音为其信仰的主体。琉球家族的宗教活动主要围绕着与现实生活密切相关的祈福禳灾而展开,具有浓厚的功利性色彩。琉球家族的宗教观和宗教活动,从一个侧面反映了琉球王国的宗教信仰。     

城乡结合部教会信徒的经济状况调查——以S市D教会为例

位于大都市城乡结合部的S市D教会是农民工占多数的教会。调查表明该会信徒的受教育程度较低。其经济状况特点是临时工合同工自谋生计者占多数,收入低于该市平均水平。参加教会活动对其经济活动并未产生明显的影响,但基督教信仰对其经济道德和诚信度有正面意义。同时宗教信仰对处于经济不确定性风险中的信徒有明显的慰藉功能。文章认为D教会并未出现如韦伯所说的新教伦理与经济发展间的促进作用。城乡结合部民工教会信徒经济水平的提高仍有赖于非宗教因素的推动。     

论碧霞元君信仰扩展与道教、国家祭祀的关系

泰山玉女发展成国家祭祀神灵碧霞元君,经历了"立像"、"建祠"、"赐额"三个阶段,完成了从民间俗神到道教神仙,再到国家神灵的转变,成为国家"准正祀性"神灵,这其中道教的吸纳是极为重要的一环,道教作为中国土生土长的宗教,在宋至清代多被统治者所利用。在国家祭祀政策的大背景下,道教神仙的光环使碧霞元君有了合法外衣的保护,也因此得到国家的最终承认。道教的吸纳和国家的认同是碧霞元君信仰扩展的前提条件,而与海神天妃的相互吸收利用及自身不断显灵则又促使其信仰进一步扩展。     

主观幸福感测量研究

主观幸福感回溯式自陈报告测量存在一定的不足,在此基础上研究者们发展了关注时间因素的即时测量方法,如经验取样法(ESM),生态瞬时评定法(EMA),日重现法(DRM),U指数(The U-Index)等.从传统测量走向多样化测量大大提高了主观幸福感测量的生态效度,同时也为国民幸福指数的构建与评估提供了一定参考.