主体间性视域下的医患主体可通达性初探

主体间性问题属于主体之间的关系问题,基于现象学主体间性理论框架探讨医患主体间性问题,是认识医患关系问题的新视角。医患主体间性问题的实质是主体之间的“可通达性”问题。主体间何以需要“通达”、是否能够“通达”以及如何实现“通达”,是需要理解和讨论的重点问题。主体间“可通达性”的实现,医患的“前理解”是医患沟通的主体间性起点和先验性基础,医患差异与矛盾是医患主体间性的重要表达形式,医学叙事是医患主体可通达性形成的重要通道,同时,医患主体的可通达性有赖于医学世界中多个主体视域的融合。

     

德国负责任科研及其对我国的启示

随着科学研究的逐步深入,科研不端丑闻在全球范围内频繁出现,并成为各国政府和社会的关注焦点。作为科学研究的重要阵地,德国联邦政府、科学研究机构、高等学校以及主流媒体就应如何负责任的科研、怎样构建科研诚信体系进行了讨论,并形成一系列科研诚信“行为准则”。这些准则的发布和实施在一定程度上推动了德国科学研究的健康发展。文章在剖析德国如何负责任科研的基础上,对我国科研诚信的发展进行了反思,并提出了可行性建议。

     

从科学与人文关系看当代医学人文的实践逻辑

讨论医学人文及其实践问题,有必要从科学与人文一般关系上进行思考和认识。古希腊的科学即是人文,近代以来医学科学和技术进步对人文的遮蔽,并不意味着二者的彻底分离,人文始终构成近现代医学的本质属性。医学科学和技术进步并不直接导致医学人文的缺失,缺失的直接因素源于医学的社会实体化进程。医学人文实践形态表现为人文要真正走进临床,其根本是走进并扎根在医者的灵魂深处。医学人文走进临床,是人文与临床两大系统间的相互融合。

     

结核疫情面临的新问题

结核病是危害人类健康的最严重的传染病之一。20世纪上半叶,结核病疫情的控制收到了较好的效果,但是自2 0世纪80年代起,结核疫情再次抬头。WHO统计监测以及我国在1979、1984/1985、1990、2000年四次全国结核病流行病学抽样调查显示,结核疫情在全世界不容乐观,结核疫情的发展趋势应当引起医务工作者和社会各界人士的重视。     

早期基督教习俗中的异教因素

随着基督教的成功崛起,许多异教习俗不是被完全抛弃,而是被逐渐地改造成为基督教习俗。基督徒的许多葬俗,都可以从异教世界的相关习俗中找到原型;基督徒的梦幻和异像,与异教梦兆密切相关;基督徒的许多重要节庆,也可以溯源到希腊罗马世界乃至遥远的东方。基督教习俗虽然与异教习俗有着千丝万缕的历史联系,但它绝不是后者的简单翻新,它在采用后者的某些形式的同时,必然也要赋予其全新的内容。早期基督教对异教习俗的广泛吸纳,说明了文化包容正是该教的一大显著特征。     

A preliminary study of an online pain management programme for patients with ankylosing spondylitis

This study was a preliminary attempt to develop and examine an online pain management programme incorporating mindfulness‐informed exercises (i.e. breathing and body scanning exercises) and CBT elements for ankylosing spondylitis patients. Thirty patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis participated in a five‐week online pain management programme, which was delivered primarily through a website. The materials covered by the website included breathing and body scanning exercises, mindful walking exercise, positive thinking and management of dysfunctional thinking. Each participant received instructions and reminders from a counselling psychologist through electronic communications each week. They completed the Brief Pain Inventory, Ryff's Psychological Well‐being Scale, Pain Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale‐Revised before and after the treatment programme. In addition, four face‐to‐face focus groups were conducted to yield supplementary qualitative findings. The overall results indicate that this online pain management programme can improve sleep quality and reduce pain interference and catastrophic responses to pain in ankylosing spondylitis patients, albeit being not very effective for mitigating the intensity of pain. Moreover, male and female patients can benefit equally from the online programme. Findings from the focus groups revealed some challenges faced by local patients when practising mindfulness‐informed exercises. Some solutions to those challenges were put forward in accordance with patients’ feedback.     

《易序》作者略考

<易序>为朱熹著作<周易本义>中的一篇序文,但此文也被收入程颐的<程子遗文>及程颐的弟子周行己的<浮沚集>中.谁是<易序>的真正作者,众说纷纭.本文从文献的角度和思想的关联上断定朱熹是这篇序文的真正作者.     

晚期癌症与安乐死的探讨

对136例无救治希望的晚期癌症患者及家属进行问答式调查,旨在分析安乐死在晚期癌症患者中实施的可行性.结果,只有2.2%的患者欲选择安乐死,家属均不选择安乐死;95.6%的患者和97.8%的家属选择临终关怀或姑息治疗.因此,安乐死难以为人们所接受.     

社会比较对大学生社交焦虑影响的研究

西方社会比较对自我产生的效应的研究近期以来得到了较为广泛的研究,而本研究则探讨了在东方背景下社会比较对自我是否也产生相似的效应,并进一步探讨了在自尊、比较方向(向上比较和向下比较)因素调节下,比较类型(内隐和外显社会比较)对我国大学生社交焦虑产生的影响。结果表明,自尊、比较方向和比较类型对社交焦虑的主效应均不显著,但三因素交互作用显著。通过进一步的简单效应分析,我们可以得出如下结论:内隐社会比较与外显社会比较对我国大学生社交焦虑会产生不同的影响,并受自尊与比较方向的调节。     

Unbalanced triangle in the social dilemma of trust: Internet studies of real‐time,real money social exchange between China,Japan, and Taiwan

Using a dyadic game theory paradigm, three experiments on the social dilemma of trust were conducted over the Internet in real time, involving real money. It was predicted and found that in‐group favouritism in trusting behaviour was contingent on historical relationships between societies. In the China–Japan experiment, mainland Chinese but not Japanese trusted and made fair allocations to in‐group members more than out‐group members, and out‐group trust was best predicted by positive stereotypes of the out‐group for Chinese and identity for Japanese. In the China–Taiwan experiment, Taiwanese but not Mainland Chinese trusted in‐group members more than out‐group members, and in‐group trust for Taiwanese was best predicted by perceptions of current realistic threats. In the Taiwan–Japan experiment, there were slight in‐group favouring tendencies in trust, and positive stereotypes of the out‐group were the best predictors of out‐group trust. Japanese were unique in not displaying in‐group favouring behaviour at all, whereas both Chinese and Taiwanese were context specific in their in‐group favouritism. Stereotypes, social identities, perceptions of realistic threat, and historical anger made significant contributions to predicting trusting behaviour, but overall these survey measures only accounted for small and inconsistent amounts of variance across the three experiments.