Does Religious Activity Distinguish the Mortality Experiences of Older Taiwanese? An Analysis Using Eighteen Years of Follow-Up Data

This paper extends investigation of religiosity and longevity to Taiwan using a 1989 survey: N = 3849, aged 60+, with 18 years of follow-up. Religious activity is measured as worship and performance of rituals. A Gompertz regression, adjusted and non-adjusted for covariates and mediating factors, shows the hazard of dying is lower for the religiously active versus the non-active. Transformed into life table functions, a 60-year-old religiously active Taiwanese female lives more than 1 year longer than her non-religious counterpart, ceteris paribus. Mainland Chinese migrants are examined carefully because of unique religious and health characteristics. They live longer, but the religiosity gap is similar.

     

Effect of Acute Psychological Stress on Motion-in-Depth Perception: An Event-Related Potential Study

The present study explored the intrinsic event-related potential (ERP) features of the effects of acute psychological stress on the processing of motion-in-depth perception using a dual-task paradigm. After a mental arithmetic task was used to induce acute psychological stress, a collision task was used to evaluate motion-in-depth perception. The error value and average amplitude of late slow waves (SW) were significantly larger for the earlier colliding spheres’ than for the later colliding spheres. The P1 peak latency in the left occipital region was significantly shorter than that of the right occipital region in the motion-in-depth perception task. Compared to the control condition, the estimated value of residual time-to-collision and error value were significantly reduced, and the N1 peak amplitude and the SW averaged amplitude were significantly increased in the stress condition. Longer motion-in-depth time improved discrimination accuracy and decreased the investment of cognitive resources. Acute psychological stress increased behavioral performance and enhanced attention resources on the motion-in-depth perception task together with greater investment of cognitive resources.     

群体认同对群际敏感效应及其行为表现的影响

通过实验研究了群际互动中个体对不同来源身份的消极群体评价的情绪反应及群体认同的调节作用, 并从情绪-行为反应的连续性视角探索群际敏感效应的行为表现及内在机制。结果发现:(1)相比内群体的消极群体评价, 外群体的消极群体评价更能引起消极情绪反应; (2)群体认同对群际敏感效应起调节作用, 高群体认同者对来自外群体消极评价的情绪反应更加负面, 而低群体认同者这种趋势并不明显; (3)高群体认同者在经历外群体的消极群体评价后会表现出更多的内群体积极行为, 且消极情绪反应对此起中介作用。研究扩展了群际敏感效应的适用范围, 并为探讨其内部机制和后续影响提供了新的研究思路。     

面孔识别的自我群体偏向

面孔认知研究表明, 人们识别和再认自己所属群体(如种族、性别、年龄)面孔的成绩显著好于识别其他群体面孔的成绩。近年来围绕面孔识别的这种自我群体偏向进行了实验研究, 研究者提出了知觉经验说和社会认知论两种理论来解释其认知加工机制, 而类别化-个性化模型和双路径模型则是将两种理论分别加以整合提出的新解释。研究者还对面孔识别自我群体偏向的神经机制进行了研究, 探讨了评价者、评价对象和评价任务等因素对自我群体偏向的影响。提升面孔识别自我群体偏向研究的生态效度, 构建整合性理论模型以及加强跨文化和本土研究是未来研究的重要方向。     

注意促进效应的ERP研究

近期发现,采用目标探测任务作为二级任务时,目标探测条件不仅不会削弱,甚至会提高记忆成绩,产生注意促进效应（ABE）。为进一步探究目标探测的作用机制,研究采用事件相关电位（ERP）技术,对比目标与分心条件在编码和提取过程中所诱发的ERP差异。结果表明,两类条件在再认过程中所诱发的ERP差异不仅表现在早期与知觉加工相关的ERP成份上,并且一直持续到了后期与细节提取相关的ERP成分上。由此推测,ABE不仅体现在编码早期的知觉加工阶段,更会延续到后期的复述与精加工。     

Flexible parafoveal encoding of character order supports word predictability effects in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

Several eye-movement studies have revealed flexibility in the parafoveal processing of character-order information in Chinese reading. In particular, studies show that processing a two-character word in a sentence benefits more from parafoveal preview of a nonword created by transposing rather than replacing its two characters. One issue that has not been investigated is whether the contextual predictability of the target word influences this processing of character order information. However, such a finding would provide novel evidence for an early influence of context on lexical processing in Chinese reading. Accordingly, we investigated this issue in an eye-movement experiment using the boundary paradigm and sentences containing two-character target words with high or low contextual predictability. Prior to the reader’s gaze crossing an invisible boundary, each target word was shown normally (i.e. a valid preview) or with its two characters either transposed or replaced by unrelated characters to create invalid nonword previews. These invalid previews reverted to the target word once the reader’s gaze crossed the invisible boundary. The results showed larger preview benefits (i.e. a decrease in fixation times) for target words following transposed-character than substituted-character previews, revealing a transposed-character effect similar to that in previous research. In addition, a word predictability effect (shorter fixation times for words with high than low predictability) was observed following both valid and transposed-character previews, but not substituted-character previews. The findings therefore reveal that context can influence an early stage of lexical processing in Chinese reading during which character order is processed flexibly.

     

自我妨碍与学习投入的关系：学业浮力的中介作用和父母支持的调节作用

以498名高中生为研究对象,通过问卷调查法探讨高中生的自我妨碍与学习投入的关系,并考察学业浮力的中介作用以及父母支持的调节作用。测量工具包括自我妨碍量表、学习投入量表、学业浮力量表和父母自主支持量表。结果表明：（1）自我妨碍对学习投入有显著负向预测作用;（2）学业浮力在自我妨碍和学习投入的关系中起部分中介作用;（3）自我妨碍和学习投入的关系受到父母支持的调节。与低父母支持相比,在高父母支持的学生中,自我妨碍对学习投入有更强的负向预测作用。     

从海岛抬移看UFO

在一些地方小报上,常有“不明飞行物掠空”和“天外来客访问地球”的披露。由于笔者长期在科技部门工作,脑海中的常识较难对此披露认同,所以一向看此披露后一笑了之。可能是退休后闲来无事,阅读到此类事例较多,同友人交谈时又常接触到“不明飞行物掠空”和“天外来客访问地球”的话题。而且,现在事事讲究国际接轨,对此类事物又有UFO的称呼,由此笔者滋生了对UFO表示点看法的念头。上世纪七十年代笔者在杭州湾搞水文气象工作,那是一个非常平凡日子的下午,笔者正在作水文气象观测。天上云很少,风不大,杭州湾海面波浪较小,但远处海面上有轻雾…     

"不可译性"面面观

本论文从认识论、本体论、语言哲学、科学哲学等不同领域勾勒出“不可译性”问题的不同诠释框架与相应的解决路向。