儿童"零"概念形成的实验研究

该研究通过3项系统实验探讨了学前至小学低中年级儿童视野、掌握和应用“零”概念的发展水平。结果表明,学前至小学低中年级儿童对“零”概念的理解、应用“零”进行加减运算、乘除运算的能力都是不断提高的。但是。对于把“零”作为除数或被除数的理解要落后于将其作为乘数或被乘数使用的理解。最后,综合三项实验结果进行了总体讨论。     

意识和无意识权衡现象的四个特征

本实验以探讨意识和无意识之间的复杂关系为目的 ,采用 5 (年龄 :老年、中年、大学生、初三和高小 )× 2 (贡献来源 :意识和无意识 )的两因素混合设计 ,通过加工分离程序 (PDP)的包含和排除测验 ,计算意识和无意识的贡献大小。结果表明在对具体图片的记忆中 ,1)意识和无意识贡献出现了发展上的分离 ;2 )老年组的无意识贡献高于意识贡献 ,但未达到显著水平 ,其余四个组别则表现出意识贡献水平极其显著地高于无意识贡献水平。在此基础上 ,本研究对意识和无意识的权衡现象的四个特征 (相互独立、相互作用、互为主次、互相依存 )分别进行了阐述     

Impact of telepresence levels on internet advertising effects.

This study examined the dimensions of interactivity and vividness to propose three telepresence levels: content presence, social presence, and personal presence. Then, an experiment investigated the impact of different telepresence levels on Internet advertising. The effects of interactions between vividness of visual imagery (VVI) and product types in relation to telepresence levels and advertising effects were also analyzed. The study employed a factorial design: 4 (levels of telepresence) x 2 (product types) x 2 (VVI). Levels of telepresence and product types were both manipulated between subjects. VVI was measured within subjects. Experimental findings showed that high levels of telepresence of an Internet advertisement increased subject recall and recognition. The low VVI respondent group would have greater recognition than traditional advertisements when respondents were exposed above the level 2 (social presence) advertisement and the effect of recognition increased from level 1 (content presence) to level 3 (personal presence). Recognition increased from level 1 (content presence) to level 2 (social presence) for both search and experience product groups; however, only recognition of the experience product group increased in level 3 (personal presence).     

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Chinese Americans: Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice

In this article, we discuss how to conduct cognitive-behavioral therapy with Chinese Americans. We present an integration of theory, research, and clinical practice to help mental health practitioners understand how Chinese culture may potentially influence the CBT treatment process for Chinese immigrants. Several recommendations are provided as to how to adapt and modify CBT to better meet the therapeutic needs of Chinese American clients. A case example demonstrates how cultural modifications of CBT can lead to effective psychotherapy outcomes for Chinese American clients.     

Gender differs: Modelling knowledge sharing from a perspective of social network ties

The present paper proposes a model of knowledge sharing, in which coworker congruence, outcome interdependence, perceived organizational support, and procedural justice influence knowledge sharing indirectly through the mediation of instrumental ties and expressive ties, and examined gender differences in causal connections within the model. In a sample of employees in Taiwan, it was shown that the influence of instrumental ties on knowledge sharing is stronger for females than for males; the influence of expressive ties on knowledge sharing is stronger for males than for females; the influence of coworker congruence on expressive ties is stronger for females than for males; the influence of outcome interdependence on instrumental ties is stronger for females than for males; and the influence of perceived organizational support on instrumental ties is stronger for males than for females.     

自尊水平划分方法与青少年自尊的现状

本文采用问卷法调查了349名中学青少年的一般自尊,通过三种自尊水平划分方法的结果比较,确定当代青少年中不同自尊水平的人数比例。结果表明:1青少年一般自尊状况接近正态分布,一般自尊水平普遍偏高;2总体来看,三种一般自尊水平青少年占青少年总数的比例是:高自尊38%,中等自尊52%,低自尊10%;男生、女生的各一般自尊水平的人数比例与总体各自尊水平的人数比例相近。     

5～9岁儿童极限概念认知发展的实验研究

皮亚杰(1985)认为儿童非要到11或12岁时才能掌握极限的概念。这个观点十分让人感兴趣,然而在众多文献中却很难发现相关研究。本研究运用实验法研究了5、6、7、9四组儿童的极限概念。结果表明:儿童在极限概念的发展存在两个快速期,即5~6岁和6~7岁;5岁儿童处于极限概念萌芽状态,6岁儿童有了部分极限概念,7岁儿童极限概念有了进一步发展但不稳定;9岁儿童开始接近有了极限概念,但仍未到达完全理解。本研究结果支持了皮亚杰的相关观点。     

负性情绪对分泌型免疫球蛋白A的影响及其神经内分泌机制

本研究考察负性情绪条件下个体粘膜免疫功能与其交感神经系统、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴反应之间的关系。采用负性情绪图片为情绪应激材料,分析观看图片对个体心率、收缩压、舒张压、唾液皮质醇浓度和分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)浓度、分泌率的影响。结果发现:(1)负性情绪图片可以诱发被试明显的负性情绪,使其收缩压、舒张压、唾液皮质醇水平明显上升,SIgA水平下降;(2)相关分析表明,舒张压和心率变化趋势与被试的SIgA水平呈负相关;(3)实验说明由负性情绪图片诱发的情绪造成了SIgA下降,且与交感神经系统的变化有关。     

其它可能原因的呈现方式在因果判断中的作用

研究使用不同方式呈现了其它可能原因,研究了这种不同的呈现方式对被试使用共变信息和经验信息进行因果判断的影响。研究结果表明:(1)其它可能原因的呈现方式对于因果判断有着一定的影响。当这一信息在待判断原因与结果的共变中出现、且永远存在时,被试会排除这一其它可能原因的作用,从而增强判断的信心;(2)当其它可能原因出现于待判断原因与结果的共变中、且永远存在时,被试会在一定程度上忽视经验信息的作用,更多地依赖共变信息做出判断。     

内隐序列学习的表征机制及年龄效应研究

该研究从年龄效应这一独特视角探讨了内隐序列学习的表征机制。结果表明:(1)内隐序列学习存在具体联结和抽象层级编码双重表征机制,且在该研究中以抽象编码为主;(2)老、青、幼三组被试的内隐序列学习无显著差异,间接支持了具体联结机制不起主要作用的结论。该研究的推论是:(1)内隐序列学习的表征是一个遵循“最优级编码”的动态过程;(2)该过程不涉及注意机制和短时记忆。