Perceptions of fear in other Children and adolescents: The role of gender and friendship status

Gender differences in fear were examined in 693 Chinese children and adolescents. Subjects were asked to rate their own fears, the fears of their best friends, and the fears of other classmates using the Fear Survey Schedule for Children — Revised (Ollendick, 1983). Consistent with previous investigations in Western and Eastern countries, girls rated themselves as more fearful than boys. In addition, both girls and boys rated their best friends as similar in number, content, and intensity of fears. However, girls rated their classmates as less fearful than themselves or their best friends, while boys rated their classmates as more fearful than themselves or their best friends. Findings are discussed in terms of gender role expectations and similarity-attraction hypotheses.     

中国人眼对非彩色系表色色差辨别的实验研究

报道了中国人眼对表色色差辨别的实验研究中非彩色系列实验研究结果,并与国外有关结果进行了比较。结果表明,非彩色的明度特性变化,对人眼色差辨别无显著影响,色差值仅随目视评价的感觉等级不同而异。此结果与国外有关报道的结果基本一致。实验结果为中国颜色体系的非彩色系颜色样品提出了色差宽容度：△Ｅ＜１．５。此色差宽容度已被全国颜色标准化技术委员会认定为ＧＳＢＡ２６００３—９４《中国颜色体系》国家标准中颜色样品色差宽容度的技术参数。     

试论艾儒略传播基督教的策略与方法

继利玛窦之后来华的著名意大利耶稣会士艾儒略（ＪｕｌｉｏＡｌｅｎｉ,１５８２—１６４９）在福建活动达２５年之久,使元代以后一度沉寂的天主教重在福建得以传播和发展,为中西文化交流作出了贡献。本文试就艾儒略所传播的基督教神学和教义作一些探讨,由此来看基督教与中国文化的接触与冲撞、融合与相斥、改造与发展。     

The ideal‐self inventory: A new measure of self‐esteem

This article reports on some research in progress developing a new measure of self‐esteem which we have called the Ideal‐Self Inventory (ISI). The inventory is based on a constructivist approach and simply asks participants to list ten characteristics to describe their ideal self together with the ten opposite characteristics to describe their not ideal self. The ISI has been tested on over 100 student volunteers and correlates significantly with the adult version of the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory. The applications of this new measure are discussed with particular reference to counselling and psychotherapy.     

论汉字部件与英文字母的认知对应关系

首先讨论了汉字部件和英文字母在文字学和形体特征上的六方面共同点及其在语言认知方面和文字发展史上的相似作用;其次指出英文字母与汉字笔画的非对应关系;最后通过分析两者的一些不同点,说明尽管从形体结构和语言认知心理学角度来看,汉字部件与英文字母存在着一种认知对应关系,但并不能将两者硬性地等同类比。     

领域知识与自我解释策略间关系的实验研究

从领域知识的个体差异的角度,研究领域知识与自我解释策略之间的关系,探讨自我解释在示例学习中的作用。研究结果表明,（１）在学习示例时,高领域知识组被试倾向于使用发现意义和建立新旧信息间联结的解释策略对示例进行认知加工;低领域知识组被试主要采用句法加工策略对示例进行加工;（２）领域知识对监控活动的制约,主要体现在被试监控到理解失败之后所采取的对策上。高领域知识组被试利用解释策略解决问题,低领域知识组被试利用句法加工策略解决问题。     

关于先发情绪体验对后发情绪过程的影响的一项实验

本实验试图探讨是否存在着一种先发体验,它的影响能在随后发生的情绪过程中表现出来。实验得到了肯定的结果。它显示为:(1)先发情绪体验若与后发情绪的性质相接近,则对后者起促进作用;若相反,则起抑制作用,(2)激起后发情绪的反应时(RT)与所发生情绪的持续时(DE)二者之间有显著的正相关。     

Sex differences in mortality rates among long-stay psychiatric inpatients

Study of the sex ratio of mortality rates among three categories of long-term psychiatric inpatients suggests a trend toward equalization of death rates between the sexes by specific cause of death, given the constant inpatient environment. The most dramatic example of this equalization was the virtual parity of death rates for ischemic heart disease among younger schizophrenic patients of both sexes in contrast to a three- to fourfold male excess in the general population. An exception to this equalization was seen for neoplasm deaths, which showed a female excess in all three patient groups in contrast to the male excess seen in the general population. Further study of chronically hospitalized psychiatric patients seems indicated to delineate patterns of death associated with biologic variation in a relatively constant environment.     

隔离动物学习能力的研究

有关人和动物的学习能力与早期环境之间的关系的研究已有了很长的历史。一般认为早期受限制的环境损害了智力,而早期丰富的环境提高了智力。在这个领域里大部分的研究集中在比较丰富环境的动物和隔离动物的学习能力的差异,然而许多工作在近年来受到了质疑。丰富环境中情景复杂,活动场所大,有隧道、平台、游泳门,活动轮等。丰富环境经验的迁移以及丰富生活环境与学习迷津测试场景的类似性可能在动物完成学习课题时起了重要作用。     

3-6岁儿童颜色及图形视觉辨认实验研究

本研究对120名学前儿童(3—6岁)进行了12种颜色和12种图形的辨认实验。实验刺激用速示器分三种速度(0.01秒、0.05秒、0.1秒)呈现。结果表明:呈现速度对辨认正确率有着明显的影响。3—6岁儿童对颜色和图形的辨认能力均随年龄增长而逐步提高。学前儿童对颜色的辨别,在三种呈现速度条件下,均以对黄、红、绿三色的辨认正确率为最高;对图形的辨认在不同呈现速度条件下出现优势与劣势图形之分。优势图形正确辨认百分比较高,而劣势图形则较低,这种优劣势图形的产生可能与图形的空间结构特性及进行言语“句子化”编码的难易有着密切关系。