The Role of Subsidies in Coordination Games with Interconnected Risk

Can subsidies promote Pareto‐optimum coordination? We found that partially subsidizing the cooperative actions for two out of six players in a laboratory coordination game usually produced better coordination and higher total social welfare with both deterministic and stochastic payoffs. Not only were the subsidized players more likely to cooperate (choose the Pareto‐optimum action), but the unsubsidized players increased their expectations on how likely others would cooperate, and they cooperated more frequently themselves. After removal of the subsidy, high levels of coordination continued in most groups with stochastic payoffs but declined in deterministic ones. This carry‐over disparity between the deterministic and stochastic settings was consistent with the economic theories that agents were more likely to keep the status quo option under uncertainty than without uncertainty. Hence, players with stochastic payoffs were more likely to keep the high coordination level (status quo) brought by the subsidy in the previous subsidy session. A post‐game survey also indicated that with stochastic payoffs, players focused on risk reduction. Temporary subsidies promoted lasting coordination because even after subsidy was removed, players still assumed that others players would prefer reduced risks from cooperation. With deterministic payoffs, however, the subsidy might crowd out other rationales for coordination, with many players indicating that the subsidy was the only reason for anyone to cooperate. Hence, the coordination level dropped when the subsidy was removed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Educational Expectations of Left-behind Children in China: Determinants and Gender Differences

Applied Research in Quality of Life - In response to the relatively low educational attainment of left-behind children in China, this article examines the determinants of educational expectations...     

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20世纪90年代以来,后殖民理论指导下的圣经批评在国际学术界取得了引人瞩目的成就。本文归纳出该领域研究的5个基本主题:探讨后殖民圣经批评理论;揭露殖民者圣经阐释与殖民主义的共谋关系;透视古今帝国与圣经正典生成及阐释的关系;谋求边缘话语的主体性地位;聚焦于对待帝国的态度,重新评价圣经卷籍。同时联系具体研究成果,对以上主题的内涵做出深入辨析。