Affect and between-meal snacking in daily life: the moderating role of gender and age

Objective: Affect-related energy intake from snacks remains relatively unexplored in daily life. This study examines the associations between momentary positive affect (PA) and momentary negative affect (NA) and subsequent energy intake from snacks. In addition, the moderating role of BMI, gender, age and level of education is investigated.

Design: Adults (N = 269), aged 20–50, participated in this study. Demographics were assessed in an online composite questionnaire. An experience sampling smartphone application was used to map momentary NA/PA and energy intake (kilocalories) from snacks in the context of daily life.

Main outcome measures: Energy intake from moment-to-moment self-reported snacks in real-life settings.

Results: A significant negative main effect of momentary NA on moment-to-moment energy intake was found. The higher the momentary NA, the lower the subsequent amount of kilocalories consumed. There was no main effect with regard to PA. Interaction analyses showed that men decreased their energy intake after experiencing NA, and increased their intake after experiencing PA. No associations were found in women. Additionally, young adults (20–30) increased their energy intake after experiencing PA. No associations were found in the other age groups.

Conclusion: Interventions aiming at reducing energy intake might also address PA-related snacking in young adults and men.     

Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs

Exposure to air pollution is associated with neuroinflammation in healthy children and dogs in Mexico City. Comparative studies were carried out in healthy children and young dogs similarly exposed to ambient pollution in Mexico City. Children from Mexico City (n: 55) and a low polluted city (n:18) underwent psychometric testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging MRI. Seven healthy young dogs with similar exposure to Mexico City air pollution had brain MRI, measurement of mRNA abundance of two inflammatory genes cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin 1 beta in target brain areas, and histopathological evaluation of brain tissue. Children with no known risk factors for neurological or cognitive disorders residing in a polluted urban environment exhibited significant deficits in a combination of fluid and crystallized cognition tasks. Fifty-six percent of Mexico City children tested showed prefrontal white matter hyperintense lesions and similar lesions were observed in dogs (57%). Exposed dogs had frontal lesions with vascular subcortical pathology associated with neuroinflammation, enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces, gliosis, and ultrafine particulate matter deposition. Based on the MRI findings, the prefrontal cortex was a target anatomical region in Mexico City children and its damage could have contributed to their cognitive dysfunction. The present work presents a groundbreaking, interdisciplinary methodology for addressing relationships between environmental pollution, structural brain alterations by MRI, and cognitive deficits/delays in healthy children.     

Identity motives and cultural priming: Cultural (dis)identification in assimilative and contrastive responses

The present article explores whether effects of cultural primes are influenced by identity motives as well as by construct accessibility. The authors hypothesized that assimilative responses (shifting one’s judgments toward the norm of the primed culture) are driven by identification motives, whereas contrastive responses (shifting away from this norm) are driven by disidentification motives. Evidence for this claim was attained in reanalyzes of past data sets and a new study of Chinese American biculturals, using improved measures of identification and disidentification motives. Consistent with the identity-motive hypotheses, assimilative responses to American-culture primes occurred for high (but not low) identifiers with American culture, and contrastive responses to Chinese-culture primes occurred for high (but not low) disidentifiers with Chinese culture. Results disconfirmed an alternative account predicting that contrast effects hinge on trait self-consciousness. Consistent with an accessibility saturation account, judgment patterns already heightened in accessibility by the task structure were not made more likely by priming.     

犹太人问题何以成为"当代的普遍问题"——马克思《论犹太人问题》解读

本文通过解读马克思对鲍威尔有关犹太人问题的批判,探讨马克思思考犹太人问题的两个维度,即对政治解放本身的批判和对市民社会的批判,并通过剖析马克思与鲍威尔以及整个青年黑格尔派的区别,进而清理马克思对传统思辨哲学、自由主义政治哲学以及启蒙哲学的内在批判关系.     

流动儿童的人格特点对主观幸福感的影响

该文探讨大五人格、乐观和掌控感对流动儿童主观幸福感的影响。运用幸福感自我评定量表、积极情感／消极情感量表（PANAS）修订版、学生总体生活满意度量表（SLSS）、学生多维生活领域满意度量表（MSLSS）、人格五因素问卷、生活取向测验修订版和掌控感量表对1018名流动儿童和319名城市儿童进行调查。结果：1）流动儿童的总体幸福感为7、0,正性情感多于负性情感,总体生活满意度为2、9;2）在正性人格特征（外向性、宜人性、谨慎性、开放性乐观和掌控感）得分上：打工校流动儿童〈混合校流动儿童〈公立校城市儿童,在负性人格特征（情绪性）则相反;3）对主观幸福感的分层回归分析显示外向性、神经质、开放性、掌控感和乐观对主观幸福感有着稳定且显著的影响作用,其中人格五因素起着主要的预测作用。结论：流动儿童的主观幸福整体偏上,打工校流动儿童的人格健全状况最差,人格五因素对主观幸福感起着主要的影响作用。     

情绪智力和父母社会支持对犯罪青少年社会适应的影响：直接效应还是缓冲效应？

以上海和昆明的499名犯罪青少年和504名普通青少年为被试,采用问卷法对犯罪青少年的情绪智力、父母社会支持和社会适应状况进行考察,发现（1）普通青少年的情绪智力、父母社会支持和社会适应状况显著好于犯罪青少年;（2）情绪智力显著预测普通和犯罪青少年的积极和消极社会适应状况;（3）父母社会支持能够直接预测犯罪青少年的社会适应状况,同时也能够调节情绪智力对犯罪青少年的社会适应状况的预测作用,父母社会支持对社会适应的直接效应和缓冲效应假说均得到了支持。     

Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals

Numerous studies have documented cognitive impairments and hypoactivity in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in drug users. However, the relationships between opiate dependence and brain structure changes in heroin users are largely unknown. In the present study, we measured the density of gray matter (DGM) with voxel-based morphometry in 30 lifetime heroin-dependent individuals who had abstained from drug use for 5 months, and 34 healthy participants. The DGM of the prefrontal, temporal and cingulate cortices significantly decreased in heroin addicts relative to the healthy group. Critically, partial correlation analysis, which controlled for age, education and gender factors as well as nicotine use and heroin abstinence duration, showed that the duration of heroin use negatively correlated with the DGM in heroin-dependent individuals. These results provide compelling evidence for structural abnormality in heroin-dependent individuals and further suggest that duration of heroin use is a critical factor leading to brain damage.     

Temperament and Psychopathy: A Dual-Pathway Model

ABSTRACT— The concept of psychopathy refers to a pattern of chronic antisocial behavior and personality features, such as emotional detachment, lovelessness, and guiltlessness, attributable in part to a temperament deficit. Historically, that deficit has been seen as a low reactivity to fear, but recent research has documented a second temperament deficit in adults that involves poor emotional and behavioral control. Both pathways are found in the child psychopathology literature, pointing to multifactorial developmental pathways from childhood to adult psychopathy.     

幼儿幽默感结构和发展特点

采用开放式问卷、个案观察和理论推导相结合的方法,自编3～5岁幼儿幽默感教师评定问卷,通过因素分析研究3～5岁幼儿幽默感的结构.结果表明:3～5岁幼儿幽默感包括幽默理解、幽默应对和幽默创造三个维度;所编制的3～5岁幼儿幽默感教师评定问卷具有较高的信度和效度;3～5岁幼儿幽默感随年龄增长逐渐上升,且存在显著的性别差异.     

Achievement and self-concept of students with learning disabilities

The internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model by Marsh (Am Educ Res J 23:129–149, 1986) assumes that, besides social comparisons with their classmates, students engage in intraindividual, dimensional comparisons, comparing their own achievement in one subject with their achievement in other subjects. These dimensional comparison processes are assumed to result in negative paths from achievement in one subject (e.g., math) to self-concept in another (e.g., the verbal domain). In a study with N = 270 students, we investigated the generalizability of the I/E model to students with learning disabilities. Analyses showed positive correlations between math and German achievement and positive effects of achievement in both subjects on the corresponding domain-specific self-concept. Verbal and math self-concepts were almost uncorrelated. Moreover, there were negative effects of achievement in one domain on self-concept in the other. Our results therefore indicate that the I/E model can be generalized to students with learning disabilities.