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61.
Dalgleish T Williams JM Golden AM Perkins N Barrett LF Barnard PJ Yeung CA Murphy V Elward R Tchanturia K Watkins E 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2007,136(1):23-42
It has been widely established that depressed mood states and clinical depression, as well as a range of other psychiatric disorders, are associated with a relative difficulty in accessing specific autobiographical information in response to emotion-related cue words on an Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; J. M. G. Williams & K. Broadbent, 1986). In 8 studies the authors examined the extent to which this relationship is a function of impaired executive control associated with these mood states and clinical disorders. Studies 1-4 demonstrated that performance on the AMT is associated with performance on measures of executive control, independent of depressed mood. Furthermore, Study 1 showed that executive control (as measured by verbal fluency) mediated the relationship between both depressed mood and a clinical diagnosis of eating disorder and AMT performance. Using a stratified sample in Study 5, the authors confirmed the positive association between depressed mood and impaired performance on the AMT. Studies 6-8 involved experimental manipulations of the parameters of the AMT designed to further indicate that reduced executive control is to a significant extent driving the relationship between depressed mood and AMT performance. The potential role of executive control in accounting for other aspects of the AMT literature is discussed. 相似文献
62.
This paper reconciles the inconsistent findings on the interactive effect of interactional justice and social comparison information on outcome evaluation. We distinguish two different effects of interactional justice and examine outcome uncertainty as a qualifying factor. Three hundred and fifty-seven undergraduates participated in a scenario experiment. It is found that, due to the functional quality effect, interactional justice significantly influences outcome evaluation, regardless of the social comparison information that is available, in situations of low outcome uncertainty. However, due to the fair process effect, interactional justice, as with procedural justice, interacts with social comparison information to influence outcome evaluation in situations of high outcome uncertainty. Implications for comparison referents and social comparison motives in social justice research are discussed. 相似文献
63.
Effects of Protocol of Play and Social Orientation on Behavior in Sequential Resource Dilemmas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David V. Budescu Wing Tung Au Xiao-Ping Chen 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1997,69(3):179-193
We report results of an experiment in which we examined consumption behavior of groups of players sharing a common resource pool under four distinct protocols of play. Under thesimultaneousprotocol all subjects make their requests simultaneously. In the other three protocols, players make requests, one at a time, but with various types and levels of information about the process: In thesequentialprotocol, subjects make requests with complete information about their position in the sequence and full disclosure of previous requests; In thepositionalprotocol, requests are made with precise information on one's position in the sequence order, but without disclosing the requests of previous players; Finally, under thecumulativeprotocol, subject make requests with complete information regarding the total previous requests, but do not know their exact position in the sequence. We found a significant "position effect" in all three nonsimultaneous protocols: Mean individual requests and position in the sequence are negatively correlated, reflecting an "early mover advantage" and a "late mover handicap." The effect is weakest in the positional protocol, whereas the sequential and cumulative protocols are, practically, identical. We conclude that although position effects can be induced by temporal priority, they are primarily driven by differential patterns of information regarding the behavior of the other group members. Although the request pattern was consistent with predictions based on the subjects' social orientation, the differences were not quite as pronounced (and significant) as in the "regular" simultaneous dilemmas. On the other hand, we found that the subjects' requests in the simultaneous protocol were an accurate predictor of their behavior in the other protocols as well. 相似文献
64.
Retrospective perceptual distortion of position representation does
not lead to delayed localization
Ricky K. C. Au Fuminori Ono Katsumi Watanabe 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(1):20-31
Previous studies have reported retrospective influences of visual events that
occur after target events. In the attentional attraction effect, a position cue
presented after a target stimulus distorts the target’s position towards that of
the cue. The present study explored the temporal relationship between stimulus
presentation and reaction time (RT) in this effect in two experiments.
Participants performed a speeded localization task on two vertical lines, the
positions of which were to be distorted by an additional attentional cue. No
significant difference in RTs was found between the conditions with simultaneous
and delayed cues. RTRT was modulated by the perceived (rather than physical)
alignment of the lines. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the strength of
attentional capture by modulating the color relevance of the cue to the target.
Trials with cues producing stronger attentional capture (with cues of a
different color from the targets) were found to induce apparently stronger
distortion effects. This result favors the notion that the observed repulsion
and attraction effects are driven by attentional mechanisms. Overall, the
results imply that the attentional shift induced by the cue might occur rapidly
and complete before the establishment of conscious location representation of
the cue and the target without affecting overall response time. 相似文献
65.
Studies on reading motivation have found that access to reading materials has an important influence on the amount students choose to read. There are few studies, however, that have examined print access in a comprehensive way to include home, school, and community resources. In this study, surveys and reading tests were administered to a class of eleventh-grade students (N = 24). Consistent with previous research, convenient access to reading material, regardless of a student's reading ability, was associated with more frequent reading. In addition, more voluntary or "free" reading was associated with higher levels of reading proficiency. Implications for providing students with easier access to reading materials are discussed. 相似文献
66.
The strengthening of the β phase in two fully lamellar structures with different lamellar spacing of a Ti–48?at.%?Al–2?W?at.% alloy during creep deformation has been investigated. It was found that the β phase precipitates during aging treatments only within regions of α2 lamellae following their dissolution. The strengthening of the β phase is more effective in the coarser lamellar structure, because the wider β precipitation zones, which replace the prior coarser α2 lamellae, hinders dislocation motion stronger than the narrower ones. 相似文献
67.
Au EW Chiu CY Chaturvedi A Mallorie L Viswanathan M Zhang ZX Savani K 《International journal of psychology》2011,46(6):463-474
Negotiable fate refers to the idea that one can negotiate with fate for control, and that people can exercise personal agency within the limits that fate has determined. Research on negotiable fate has found greater prevalence of related beliefs in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Eastern Europe than in Western Europe and English-speaking countries. The present research extends previous findings by exploring the cognitive consequences of the belief in negotiable fate. It was hypothesized that this belief enables individuals to maintain faith in the potency of their personal actions and to remain optimistic in their goal pursuits despite the immutable constraints. The belief in negotiable fate was predicted to (a) facilitate sense-making of surprising outcomes; (b) increase persistence in goal pursuits despite early unfavorable outcomes; and (c) increase risky choices when individuals have confidence in their luck. Using multiple methods (e.g., crosscultural comparisons, culture priming, experimental induction of fate beliefs), we found supporting evidence for our hypotheses in three studies. Furthermore, as expected, the cognitive effects of negotiable fate are observed only in cultural contexts where the fate belief is relatively prevalent. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the intersubjective approach to understanding the influence of culture on cognitive processes (e.g., Chiu, Gelfand, Yamagishi, Shteynberg, & Wan, 2010), the sociocultural foundations that foster the development of a belief in negotiable fate, and an alternative perspective for understanding the nature of agency in contexts where constraints are severe. Future research avenues are also discussed. 相似文献
68.
Patrick Grim Randy Au Nancy Louie Robert Rosenberger William Braynen Evan Selinger Robb E. Eason 《Synthese》2008,163(2):273-297
Robustness has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating game-theoretic results, but talk of ‘robustness’
generally remains vague. What we offer here is a graphic measure for a particular kind of robustness (‘matrix robustness’),
using a three-dimensional display of the universe of 2 × 2 game theory. In such a measure specific games appear as specific
volumes (Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stag Hunt, etc.), allowing a graphic image of the extent of particular game-theoretic effects
in terms of those games. The measure also allows for an easy comparison between different effects in terms of matrix robustness.
Here we use the measure to compare the robustness of Tit for Tat’s well-known success in spatialized games (Axelrod, R. (1984).
The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books; Grim, P. et al. (1998). The philosophical computer: Exploratory essays in philosophical computer modeling. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press) with the robustness of a recent game-theoretic model of the contact hypothesis regarding prejudice
reduction (Grim et al. 2005. Public Affairs Quarterly, 19, 95–125). 相似文献
69.
Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that the neural activity associated with truthful recall, with false memory, and with feigned memory impairment are different from one another. Here, we report a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that addressed an important but yet unanswered question: Is the neural activity associated with intentional faked responses and with errors differentiable? Using a word list learning recognition paradigm, the findings of this mixed event-related fMRI study clearly indicated that the brain activity associated with intentional faked responses was different to the activity associated with errors committed unintentionally. For intentional faked responses, significant activation was found in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate region, and the precuneus. However, no significant activation was observed for unintentional errors. The results suggest that deception, in terms of feigning memory impairment, is not only more cognitively demanding than making unintentional errors but also utilizes different cognitive processes. 相似文献
70.
Delong CM Au WW Harley HE Roitblat HL Pytka L 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2007,121(3):306-319
Echolocating bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) discriminate between objects on the basis of the echoes reflected by the objects. However, it is not clear which echo features are important for object discrimination. To gain insight into the salient features, the authors had a dolphin perform a match-to-sample task and then presented human listeners with echoes from the same objects used in the dolphin's task. In 2 experiments, human listeners performed as well or better than the dolphin at discriminating objects, and they reported the salient acoustic cues. The error patterns of the humans and the dolphin were compared to determine which acoustic features were likely to have been used by the dolphin. The results indicate that the dolphin did not appear to use overall echo amplitude, but that it attended to the pattern of changes in the echoes across different object orientations. Human listeners can quickly identify salient combinations of echo features that permit object discrimination, which can be used to generate hypotheses that can be tested using dolphins as subjects. 相似文献