青少年高冒险行为与大脑发展

青少年时期是一个转折期,也是冒险行为多发的时期。以往有关青少年冒险行为的研究大多集中在心理学视角与社会关系学视角,双系统竞争理论从生物学视角对青少年高冒险行为作出解释。该理论认为青少年高冒险行为的产生主要是由于大脑中的社会情绪系统与认知控制系统相互竞争作用的结果。社会情绪系统对奖赏寻求起作用,而认知控制系统对执行功能起作用。较早发展的社会情绪系统与较晚才成熟的认知控制系统间的竞争是青少年冒险行为产生的原因。     

Adapting to an initial self-regulatory task cancels the ego depletion effect

The resource-based model of self-regulation provides a pessimistic view of self-regulation that people are destined to lose their self-control after having engaged in any act of self-regulation because these acts deplete the limited resource that people need for successful self-regulation. The cognitive control theory, however, offers an alternative explanation and suggests that the depletion effect reflects switch costs between different cognitive control processes recruited to deal with demanding tasks. This account implies that the depletion effect will not occur once people have had the opportunity to adapt to the self-regulatory task initially engaged in. Consistent with this idea, the present study showed that engaging in a demanding task led to performance deficits on a subsequent self-regulatory task (i.e. the depletion effect) only when the initial demanding task was relatively short but not when it was long enough for participants to adapt. Our results were unrelated to self-efficacy, mood, and motivation.     

论张载哲学中的感与性

张载关于感与性的讨论,在过去的研究中一直被看作他的思想体系的一个旁涉的论题,从而往往只在他的气学思想中附带地论及.本文旨在凸显有关感与性的思考在张载思想展开中的枢纽作用,及其在理解和把握张载思想的整体上的重要意义.     

首因效应向近因效应转换的实验研究

实验1以汉字与英文字母为材料,考察了自由回忆中学习与测验之间不同时间间隔（Os与10s)条件下的成绩,发现了首因效应向近因效应的转换,且它不受材料意义的影响。实验2对首因向近因效应转换的机制作了初步的探讨,排除了由于两种时间间隔被试采用不同顺序的提取策略造成首因向近因转换的可能性。     

Estimated Risk of Developing Selected DSM-IV Disorders Among 5-Year-Old Children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure

We estimated childhood risk of developing selected DSM-IV Disorders, including Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), in children with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). Children were enrolled prospectively at birth (n = 476) with prenatal drug exposures documented by maternal interview, urine and meconium assays. Study participants included 400 African-American children from the birth cohort, 208 cocaine-exposed (CE) and 192 non-cocaine-exposed (NCE), who attended a 5-year follow-up assessment and whose caregiver completed the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Under a generalized linear model (logistic link), Fisher’s exact methods were used to estimate the PCE-associated relative risk (RR) of these disorders. Our results indicated a modest but statistically robust elevation of ADHD risk associated with increasing levels of PCE (p < 0.05). Binary comparison of CE versus NCE children indicated no PCE-associated RR. Estimated cumulative incidence proportions among CE children were 2.9% for ADHD (vs 3.1% NCE); 1.4% for SAD (vs 1.6% NCE); and 4.3% for ODD (vs 6.8% NCE). Our findings suggest evidence of increased risk of ADHD (but not ODD or SAD) in relation to an increasing gradient of PCE during gestation.     

抑制儿茶酚胺的生物合成对群体隔离大白鼠学习和记忆的影响

本文观察了儿茶酚胺的生物合成抑制剂——α-甲基酪氨酸(α-MT)和二乙基二硫氨基甲酸酯钠(DDC)——对群体隔离大白鼠学习和记忆的影响。结果发现α-MT(250mg/公斤体重)对群居动物学习方位水迷津无明显影响,但对隔离动物的学习有明显影响。α-MT对群居和隔离动物的记忆的影响不明显,DDC(500mg/公斤体重)对群居和隔离动物的学习和记忆均无明显影响。注射α-MT后隔离动物大脑皮质内去甲肾上腺素的含量降低了38.1％,而群居动物仅降低了20.1％。结果提示隔离动物对方位水迷津学习能力的降低可能与脑内去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的含量下降尤其是与大脑皮质内去甲肾上腺素含量的下降有关。     

3~8岁儿童自尊发展特点的研究

采用自编的《3~8岁儿童自尊教师评定量表》,探讨了3~8岁儿童自尊发展的年龄和性别差异。结果表明：(1)3~8岁儿童的自尊存在显著的年龄差异,4岁和7岁可能是儿童自尊发展的转折年龄;(2)3~8岁儿童自尊发展存在非常明显的性别差异,女生自尊发展水平显著高于男生。     

系列包含的项目数、项目之间的间隔时间与系列位置效应

以中国汉字为材料,考察系列包含的项目数、项目之间的时间间隔与系列位置曲线不同部分记忆性质分化的关系。结果表明,(1)提取过程的重要性。(2)在包含11个项目、并且项目之间的时间间隔为400毫秒的系列中,系列位置曲线的首因部分表现为联想记忆的性质,是依赖于线索的提取;近因部分表现为绝对记忆的性质,是依赖于记忆痕迹的提取。(3)系列位置曲线不同部分记忆性质的分化,于系列包含的项目数和项目之间的间隔时间有关,结果体现出这两个因素的交互作用。     

集体心理所有权、地位晋升标准与团队创造力

基于动机性信息加工理论, 本文首次实证探讨了集体心理所有权对团队创造力的影响机制。一项来自国内企业91个工作团队数据的统计分析发现, 集体心理所有权正向影响团队创造力; 信息深加工中介集体心理所有权与团队创造力的关系; 地位晋升标准显著性调节集体心理所有权与信息深加工之间的关系, 其中刻度型晋升标准增强集体心理所有权对信息深加工的正向影响, 而竞赛型晋升标准则减弱集体心理所有权对信息深加工的正向影响。     

近十年来国外游戏研究新进展

游戏一直是国外研究者非常关注的研究课题之一．本文总结论述了近十年来国外关于亲子游戏与幼儿发展、装扮游戏与幼儿心理理论的发展、游戏的治疗作用等游戏研究领域的新进展。