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51.
Many studies of learning have demonstrated that conditioned behavior can be eliminated when previously established relations between stimuli are severed. This extinction process has been extremely important for the development of learning theories and, more recently, for delineating the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie memory. A key finding from behavioral studies of extinction is that extinction eliminates behavior without eliminating the original memory; extinguished behavior often returns with time or with a return to the context in which the original learning occurred. This persistence of the original memory after extinction creates a challenge for clinical applications that use extinction as part of a treatment intervention. Consequently, a goal of recent neurobiological research on extinction is to identify potential pharmacological targets that may result in persistent extinction. Drugs that promote epigenetic changes are particularly promising because they can result in a long-term molecular signal that, combined with the appropriate behavioral treatment, can cause persistent changes in behavior induced by extinction. We will review evidence demonstrating extinction enhancements by drugs that target epigenetic mechanisms and will describe some of the challenges that epigenetic approaches face in promoting persistent suppression of memories. 相似文献
52.
Jessica M. Valenzuela Laura B. Smith Jeanette M. Stafford Ralph B. D’Agostino Jr. Jean M. Lawrence Joyce P. Yi-Frazier Michael Seid Lawrence M. Dolan 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2014,21(3):234-243
The present study aimed to examine perceptions of shared decision-making (SDM) in caregivers of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Interview, survey data, and HbA1c assays were gathered from caregivers of 439 youth with T1D aged 3–18 years. Caregiver-report indicated high perceived SDM during medical visits. Multivariable linear regression indicated that greater SDM is associated with lower HbA1c, older child age, and having a pediatric endocrinologist provider. Multiple logistic regression found that caregivers who did not perceive having made any healthcare decisions in the past year were more likely to identify a non-pediatric endocrinologist provider and to report less optimal diabetes self-care. Findings suggest that youth whose caregivers report greater SDM may show benefits in terms of self-care and glycemic control. Future research should examine the role of youth in SDM and how best to identify youth and families with low SDM in order to improve care. 相似文献
53.
A response mechanism takes evaluations of the importance of potential actions and selects the most suitable. Response mechanism
function is a nontrivial problem that has not received the attention it deserves within cognitive psychology. In this article,
we make a case for the importance of considering response mechanism function as a constraint on cognitive processes and emphasized
links with the wider problem of behavioral action selection. First, we show that, contrary to previous suggestions, a well-known
model of the Stroop task (Cohen, Dunbar, & McClelland, 1990) relies on the response mechanism for a key feature of its results—the
interference—facilitation asymmetry. Second, we examine a variety of response mechanisms (including that in the model of Cohen
et al., 1990) and show that they all follow a law analogous to Piéron’s law in relating their input to reaction time. In particular,
this is true of a decision mechanism not designed to explain RT data but based on a proposed solution to the general problem
of action selection and grounded in the neurobiology of the vertebrate basal ganglia. Finally, we show that the dynamics of
simple artificial neurons also support a Piéron-like law. 相似文献
54.
The Journal of Value Inquiry - 相似文献
55.
Makara GB Harbuz MS Coventry TL Jessop DS Zelena D Lightman SL 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2001,4(1):25-37
Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) was induced in control and in hypothalamic lesioned Piebald-Viral-Glaxo (PVG) rats. Following discrete paraventricular nucleus (PVN) lesions plasma corticosterone was increased 14 days after adjuvant injection as in controls, when hind paw inflammation was apparent. PVN lesion did not affect the severity of inflammation.In contrast, following medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) lesions adjuvant did not increase corticosterone levels and the increase in paw volume at day 14 was potentiated. Basal proopiomelanocortin(POMC) mRNA expression in the anterior lobe was unchanged by PVN lesions and decreased by MBH lesions. AA increased POMC mRNA in controls and in both PVN and MBH lesioned rats. After complete MBH lesion, surviving anterior pituitary tissue maintained morning levels of corticosterone.Thus, AA may activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis without the mediation of PVN neurones projecting to the median eminence. However, the loss of the corticosterone response to AA and the increase in severity of inflammation in the MBH lesioned rats suggests a central (non-PVN) component mediates effects of inflammation. Furthermore, the increase in POMC mRNA in the MBH lesioned AA rats suggests that part of this process is not mediated by releasing factors in the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system, and that extrahypothalamic(peripheral) mediators act on the pituitary during chronic inflammation. 相似文献
56.
Empirical correlates of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) scales in a forensic assessment setting were identified. Archival extratest data, including demographics, psychosocial history, criminal behavior history, and current mental status and psychodiagnosis, were extracted from the case files of 593 men and women referred to a forensic assessment clinic for criminal court-ordered evaluations. Zero-order and multiple correlations were calculated between the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales and relevant criterion variables. Findings indicated that the PSY-5 scales' empirical correlates in a forensic setting are similar to and consistent with those found in general mental health settings. Linear combinations of MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scale scores accounted for moderate proportions of variance in the collateral indicators. 相似文献
57.
Changes in the age patterns of U.S. male and female suicide rates from 1934 to 1983 are examined, using official suicide data. Among whites, the age patterns of male and female suicide rates have become less concordant since about 1960. In contrast, the age patterns of nonwhite male and female suicide rates have become more concordant since the mid-1950s. A review of sociological theories of suicide identifies problems in accounting for such changes--problems stemming in part from what has been a theoretical emphasis on cross-sectional relations. 相似文献
58.
Elizabeth M. Stafford 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1982,10(1):12-21
A study of 1978 and 1979 school-leavers in Leeds is reported. The results show that there is a significant improvement in employment prospects after participation in the Youth Opportunities Programme. Using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire, a measure of probability of psychiatric disorder, it is shown that YOP acts as a buffer, alleviating the detrimental psychological effects of unemployment. This effect is only found during participation on YOP, and the detrimental psychological effects of unemployment return for those ex-trainees who are unemployed after YOP. 相似文献
59.
Large-sample confidence intervals (CI) for reliability, validity, and unattenuated validity are presented. The CI for unattenuated validity is based on the Bonferroni inequality, which relies on one CI for test-retest reliability and one for validity. Covered are four reliability-validity situations: (a) both estimates were from random samples; (b) reliability was from a random sample but validity was from a selected sample; (c) validity was from a random sample but reliability was from a selected sample; and (d) both estimates were from selected samples. All CIs were evaluated by using a simulation. CIs on reliability, validity, or unattenuated validity are accurate as long as selection ratio is at least 20% and selected sample size is 100 or larger. When selection ratio is less than 20%, estimators tend to underestimate their parameters. 相似文献
60.
Sebastian Catherine L. Stafford Jean McCrory Eamon J. Sethi Arjun De Brito Stephane A. Lockwood Patricia L. Viding Essi 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2021,49(8):1043-1054
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Adolescents with conduct problems and low callous-unemotional traits are characterised by high levels of reactive aggression. Prior studies... 相似文献