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221.
Two experiments were conducted in order to assess the effects of thelectomy (i.e., nipple removal) on the display of pregnancy-induced aggression in Rockland-Swiss (R-S) albino mice. Pregnant animals, thelectomized on Gestation Day (GD) 12, exhibit a high incidence and intensity of aggression toward adult R-S male intruders during tests conducted on GDs 14, 16, and 18 (i.e., during the last third of gestation in this species). Since thelectomized dams display levels of aggression (i.e., 63% incidence) equivalent to those of sham-operated and nonoperated animals (53 and 67% incidence, respectively), it would appear that nipple presence is not a critical factor for the maintenance of pregnancy-induced aggression in mice (Experiment 1). To examine the effects of nipple deprivation on the initiation of pregnancy-induced aggression, virgin animals were thelectomized prior to mating, then repeatedly tested for aggression at 2-day intervals of gestation. Unlike nipple-intact dams, pregnant mice, deprived of nipples prior to conception, rarely exhibit (less than 17% incidence) agonistic behaviors toward intruder males (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that the development and self-stimulation of nipples early in pregnancy may be important conditions for the display of heightened aggression with advancing pregnancy in mice.  相似文献   
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For self‐regulated learning to be effective, students or trainees need to be able to accurately monitor their performance while they are working on a task, use the outcomes as input for self‐assessment of that performance after completing the task and select an appropriate new learning task in response to that assessment. From a cognitive load perspective, monitoring can be seen as a secondary task that may become hard to maintain and hamper performance on the primary task under high load conditions. The experiment presented here investigated the effects of concurrent performance monitoring on cognitive load and performance as a function of task complexity. Results showed that monitoring significantly decreased performance and increased cognitive load on complex, but not on simple tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical consequences and instructional design for self‐regulated learning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
224.
Structural equation modeling was used to examine antecedents of parental sunscreen use (N = 436) in a longitudinal design. The influence of a volitional planning cognition was assessed in several path models, investigating potential mediation and moderation of the intention–behavior relationship. Premotivational and motivational variables accounted for 55.1% of the variance in intention to use sunscreen. Intention emerged as the most powerful predictor of behavior, followed by action planning and self-efficacy expectations, together explaining 35.4% of parental sunscreen use after five months. Strong support was found for both mediating and moderating influences of action planning on the intention–behavior relationship. Action planning also partially mediated the impact of self-efficacy on behavior. The results support theoretical considerations to add postintentional cognitions to current health behavior models. Although action planning is an important component in the transition from intention to behavior, the impact of intention and of other premotivational and motivational variables should not be overlooked when developing health educational interventions.  相似文献   
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Objective: This study assessed: (1) whether risk perceptions about skin cancer were related to parent's use of sunscreen on their children; (2) which combination of assessments susceptibility and severity best explain parental sunscreen protection behaviours and (3) whether risk perceptions influence behaviour directly through intentions or through attitudes, subjective norms and self-efficacy.

Design: Two longitudinal studies assessed sunscreen protection behaviours of parents for their toddlers (N?=?391) and young children (N?=?436).

Main outcome measure: Parent's use of sunscreen on their children.

Results: Risk perceptions correlated with future sunscreen protection behaviours of parents but were lower than those of attitude, social influence and self-efficacy. Treating susceptibility and severity as an additive function resulted in the best model fit. Risk perceptions were related with future intention and future sunscreen protection behaviour, but the effects were mediated through attitude, social influence and self-efficacy.

Conclusions: Our path analyses suggest treating susceptibility and severity as an additive function. A multiplicative model without main effects – although often used – had the poorest fit. Risk perceptions influence behaviour by influencing attitudinal and self-efficacy beliefs. Addressing risk perceptions in health communication programs is relevant when the purpose is to increase awareness and to influence attitudes and self-efficacy.  相似文献   
226.
    
Relative to traditional professions like psychotherapy, organizational consulting includes more diverse practitioners and practices but far fewer formal requirements for entry or standards for practice. To define better boundaries around and within the field, I highlight the importance in Kenneth Eisold's and Marc Maltz's case material of distinguishing between organizational consultants and psychoanalysts and between different types of consultants in terms of their professional roles, services provided, and associated skills and knowledge. I underscore the value consultants bring to their clients when they are able to help diagnose and address performance issues that are at once social and operational, interpersonal and organizational, and unconscious and conscious.  相似文献   
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We examined the effects of teaching 5 typically developing elementary students to sound out their spelling words while writing them using the cover‐copy‐compare (CCC) method to practice spelling. Each student's posttest performance following practice with sounding out was compared to that student's posttest performance following practice with no sounding out. For every student, posttest accuracy was higher following practice with sounding out, indicating that it is an effective and easily implemented strategy to improve spelling instruction.  相似文献   
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This article explores the origins and development of the Hindu deity Skanda in North India from approximately the fourth century bce to the seventh century ce . The author suggests that previous scholarship on this deity has located his origins in two sources: the Indus Valley and in an amalgamation of related deities. The article questions the Indus Valley hypothesis and develops the amalgamation hypothesis by examining a variety of textual and non‐textual sources. The author also argues that a shift occurs in the representation of Skanda and in his cult base over time. The article suggests that his cult begins in propitiation cults for Grahas and warrior deities in the north of India and shifts to one based in royal propaganda and military emblems. The cult of Skanda is also absorbed into the broader Śaivite cult during this time. These shifts, the author argues, result in the diminished popularity of Skanda in North India by the seventh century ce .  相似文献   
229.
    
Interventions to reduce car use have shown limited success, in part due to limitations in models of transport choices. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has provided a useful predictive model of car use but the specific beliefs that underpin TPB‐specified cognitions are less well understood. In this study, 229 university employees responded to a questionnaire and then reported their commuting choices 1 week later. Intention and perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted car use (R2 = .79). Intention was predicted by attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and moral norm (R2 = .56). Beliefs could not be differentiated into attitudinal and PBC constructs, but seven beliefs predicted TPB cognitions. A similar model was tested for public transport use. The results identify key targets for future interventions.  相似文献   
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Coupled interceptive actions are understood to be the result of neural processing—and visual information— which is distinct from that used for uncoupled perceptual responses. To examine the visual information used for action and perception, skilled cricket batters anticipated the direction of balls bowled toward them using a coupled movement (an interceptive action that preserved the natural coupling between perception and action) or an uncoupled (verbal) response, in each of four different visual blur conditions (plano, +1.00, +2.00, +3.00). Coupled responses were found to be better than uncoupled ones, with the blurring of vision found to result in different effects for the coupled and uncoupled response conditions. Low levels of visual blur did not affect coupled anticipation, a finding consistent with the comparatively poorer visual information on which online interceptive actions are proposed to rely. In contrast, some evidence was found to suggest that low levels of blur may enhance the uncoupled verbal perception of movement.  相似文献   
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