现代主义文学的傲慢——读约翰·凯里的《知识分子与大众》

本文围绕英国文学批评家约翰·凯里的著作《知识分子与大众:1880-1939年文学知识界的傲慢与偏见》展开讨论,特别关注他对英国现代主义文学形成根由的论述,即他认为英国现代主义文学的兴起源自知识分子对大众及大众文化的排斥。在尼采哲学的影响下,19世纪末20世纪初的知识分子竭力贬抑大众,甚至试图消灭大众,而他们自己则自奉为天生的贵族,认为自己应该享有政治文化方面的特权。这种知识分子的傲慢与偏见为希特勒法西斯主义的蔓延提供了温床,险些危及人类的生存与发展。     

Moderating effects of three coping strategies and self-esteem on perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: A minority stress model for Asian international students

This study examined 3 coping strategies (reflective, suppressive, and reactive), along with self-esteem, as moderators of the relation between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. International students (N = 354) from China, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong provided data via an online survey. The role of perceived general stress was statistically controlled. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated a significant direct effect of perceived discrimination, a significant 2-way interaction of perceived discrimination and suppressive coping, and a significant 3-way interaction of perceived discrimination, reactive coping, and self-esteem in predicting depressive symptoms. An increased tendency to use suppressive coping appeared to strengthen the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. In contrast, the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms was not significant when reactive coping was infrequently used, but only for students with relatively high self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).     

中小学生心理健康服务体系模式的构建

我国中小学生心理健康服务虽取得了较大的发展,但还存在地区发展不平衡、实施条件较差、形式主义倾向严重等诸多问题.为加强我国中小学生心理健康服务体系建设,文章提出了中小学生心理健康服务体系建设的理论模型,具体包括促进学生心理健康水平的心理健康教育体系、矫正学生心理健康问题的心理咨询服务体系、预防突发事件治疗学生心理疾病的心理疾病治疗与危机干预体系等三个子系统,以建立一个符合我国中小学实际的学生心理健康服务体系.     

The Underrepresentation of Women in Prestigious Ethics Journals

The main goal of this study is to determine whether women are underrepresented in prestigious ethics journals relative to their representation in the field of ethics. Our study proceeds in three steps. Step one: we estimate the percentage of women who specialize in ethics. Step two: we estimate the percentage of articles in prestigious ethics journals that are authored by women. Step three: we examine whether there is any difference between the percentage of women who specialize in ethics and the percentage of articles in prestigious ethics journals that are authored by women. We conclude that women are underrepresented in prestigious ethics journals relative to their representation in the field of ethics.     

The stability of mastery motivation and its relationship with home environment in infants and toddlers

Mastery motivation (intrinsic drives to explore and master one's environment) is a key developmental element. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the stability of mastery motivation between 2 and 3 years of age for two genders; and (2) the associations between early home environment and toddlers’ mastery motivation in children with typical development.

Methods

Data of 102 children developing typically from a birth cohort study at Northern Taiwan were analyzed in two parts: (1) stability part: mastery motivation of children were measured at 2 and 3 years of age; (2) environment part: child-parent dyads were assessed from birth, 4 months, 6 months, and 2-3 years of age. Outcomes variables were measured at ages 2 and 3 years by the Dimension of Mastery Questionnaire-17th version. Main predictive variables were measured by Home Observation for Measuring Environment Inventory (HOME) to collect data of the qualities of home environment at 6 months and 2 years; by the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire to obtain 4-month activity levels; and by the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers to obtain 2-year developmental quotient (DQ).

Results

There was moderate stability of mastery motivation from 2 to 3 years, and girls’ stability was higher than boys’. 6-Month HOME rather than 2-year HOME measures were positively and significantly correlated with instrumental mastery motivation even when controlling for gender, activity level, and DQ.

Conclusion

Mastery motivation had moderate stability during the toddler period. The quality of home environment in infancy appeared to have a significant impact on toddler's mastery motivation. To promote mastery motivation, caregivers should provide better quality of home environment for infants/toddlers during the very early years.     

试论楚简《鲁邦大旱》篇的内容与思想

楚简《鲁邦大旱》篇一、二简 ,是写孔子借“鲁邦大旱”之机 ,在不坚持反对以“说之事鬼”的情况下 ,向鲁哀公提出了“正刑与德”的政治改革对策。三至六简 ,通过写孔子与子贡是否要祭祀求雨的辨难 ,表现了孔子对待祭祀鬼神现实而理性的态度。这与《论语》、帛书《要》篇的记载若合符节 ,可谓信而有征。以此来看孔子的天命观 ,知其“以鬼为不神” ;而不废鬼神之祭是“君子以为文” ,有“神道设教”的用心 ;其虽有“道德之天”的观念 ,但“上天”的主宰只是虚悬一格 ,实质还是强调人事     

自我觉知的适应、不适应性及其在心理疗法中的作用

自我觉知是当注意力指向个体自身时对自己所产生的内部主观状态,根据其指向及程度可以有多种分类方法。自我觉知在心理过程中既有适应性,如促进自我了解、对他人的理解、提高自尊等;但过度的自我觉知会对心理产生不良影响,诸多研究对其与抑郁和焦虑的关系进行了论证。很多心理疗法中都涉及到自我觉知对心理状况的影响,包括格式塔疗法、来访者中心疗法、森田疗法等等。如何保持适度的自我觉知以促进心理健康是需要进一步研究的。     

不同维度的执行功能与早期心理理论的关系

采用意外地点任务、意外内容任务和三种不同类型的执行功能任务来探究执行功能与心理理论之间的关系。共60名被试,3岁和4岁被试各30名,男女各半。区分自己心理状态和他人心理状态能力与执行功能的关系主要体现在混合成分执行功能与这一能力的密切联系上;在错误信念发展的早期,执行功能与错误信念理解能力的关系主要集中在“混合成分的执行功能与对自己错误信念理解能力,工作记忆的执行功能与对他人错误信念理解能力”这两对联系上     

Perceived similarity, proactive adjustment, and organizational socialization

The present study explores how perceived demographic and attitudinal similarity can influence proactive behavior among organizational newcomers. We propose that newcomers who perceive themselves as similar to their co-workers will be more willing to seek new information or build relationships, which in turn will lead to better long-term adjustment. Results from a three-wave field investigation of newcomer proactive behavior show that newcomer perceptions of surface-level similarity to the rest of the work group in education and gender increased proactive adjustment behavior. Contrary to our expectations, perceived similarity in terms of age decreased proactive adjustment behavior—in other words, newcomers who were significantly different from their co-workers in age engaged in more proactive adjustment behaviors. Deep-level similarity in terms of work style was associated with higher levels of role clarity, but this relationship was not mediated by proactive adjustment behavior.