自我觉知的适应、不适应性及其在心理疗法中的作用

自我觉知是当注意力指向个体自身时对自己所产生的内部主观状态,根据其指向及程度可以有多种分类方法。自我觉知在心理过程中既有适应性,如促进自我了解、对他人的理解、提高自尊等;但过度的自我觉知会对心理产生不良影响,诸多研究对其与抑郁和焦虑的关系进行了论证。很多心理疗法中都涉及到自我觉知对心理状况的影响,包括格式塔疗法、来访者中心疗法、森田疗法等等。如何保持适度的自我觉知以促进心理健康是需要进一步研究的。     

记忆编码中目标与背景的情绪一致性对记忆提取的影响

摘 要 本研究将经典情绪启动范式和学习-再认范式相结合,探讨学习时启动与目标的情绪一致性对目标再认的影响。在记忆编码阶段,以情绪面孔图片为启动刺激、一般情绪图片为目标刺激,要求被试对目标图片的效价进行判断;在提取阶段向被试呈现一般情绪图片,要求被试判断是否在前一阶段见过。结果表明,编码阶段的加工背景对记忆提取产生了显著影响。一致启动促进了认知加工与记忆编码,提高了再认正确率。ERP结果也表明,在目标刺激呈现后300-500ms,编码时的情绪一致性对再认阶段消极目标诱发的ERP产生了显著影响。     

The stability of mastery motivation and its relationship with home environment in infants and toddlers

Mastery motivation (intrinsic drives to explore and master one's environment) is a key developmental element. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the stability of mastery motivation between 2 and 3 years of age for two genders; and (2) the associations between early home environment and toddlers’ mastery motivation in children with typical development.

Methods

Data of 102 children developing typically from a birth cohort study at Northern Taiwan were analyzed in two parts: (1) stability part: mastery motivation of children were measured at 2 and 3 years of age; (2) environment part: child-parent dyads were assessed from birth, 4 months, 6 months, and 2-3 years of age. Outcomes variables were measured at ages 2 and 3 years by the Dimension of Mastery Questionnaire-17th version. Main predictive variables were measured by Home Observation for Measuring Environment Inventory (HOME) to collect data of the qualities of home environment at 6 months and 2 years; by the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire to obtain 4-month activity levels; and by the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers to obtain 2-year developmental quotient (DQ).

Results

There was moderate stability of mastery motivation from 2 to 3 years, and girls’ stability was higher than boys’. 6-Month HOME rather than 2-year HOME measures were positively and significantly correlated with instrumental mastery motivation even when controlling for gender, activity level, and DQ.

Conclusion

Mastery motivation had moderate stability during the toddler period. The quality of home environment in infancy appeared to have a significant impact on toddler's mastery motivation. To promote mastery motivation, caregivers should provide better quality of home environment for infants/toddlers during the very early years.     

大学生作弊:是道德自我欺骗吗?

以往关于考试作弊的研究大都着眼于相关因素,还很缺乏对主体意识结构的分析。本研究以自我欺骗为理论框架,以大学生为被试,通过一个行为实验及与实验有关问题的分析,从意识与潜意识两个层面对大学生的作弊行为进行了探究。结果表明研究样本的31.63%的大学生的作弊属于道德自我欺骗,即作弊时意识与潜意识持有一个相互矛盾的错误信念,具体说就是,在意识里并没有意识到作弊是不道德的,但同时在潜意识里却认为它是不道德的。     

Attachment, self-compassion, empathy, and subjective well-being among college students and community adults

Research on subjective well-being suggests that it is only partly a function of environmental circumstances. There may be a personality characteristic or a resilient disposition toward experiencing high levels of well-being even in unfavorable circumstances. Adult attachment may contribute to this resilient disposition. This study examined whether the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well-being was mediated by Neff's (2003a, 2003b) concept of self-compassion. It also examined empathy toward others as a mediator in the association between attachment avoidance and subjective well-being. In Study 1, 195 college students completed self-report surveys. In Study 2, 136 community adults provided a cross-validation of the results. As expected, across these 2 samples, findings suggested that self-compassion mediated the association between attachment anxiety and subjective well-being, and emotional empathy toward others mediated the association between attachment avoidance and subjective well-being.     

从《三宝垄华人编年史》看伊斯兰教在印尼的早期传播

《三宝垄华人编年史》原稿出自印尼爪哇三宝垄(Semarang)、塔兰(Talang)、井里汶(Cheribon)三地华人庙宇所珍藏的档案,实际上就是记载15-16世纪当地华人社会的档案。本文根据《三宝垄华人编年史》有关华人穆斯林活动的记载,并结合中外史籍的相关资料,对早期华人穆斯林在印尼伊斯兰教传播中的重要作用作一粗浅的探索,从一个新的视角来考察印尼早期华侨华人的历史,论述华侨华人对印尼历史和文化发展所作出的贡献。     

德性伦理学:内在的观点与外在的观点——一份临时提纲

德性伦理学是基于人的实践可能性的对人的善生活的哲学说明。德性的观点表明一种基本的真实:德性地生活对于人始终是一种可能性。德性伦理学比其他实质性的伦理学更明确地诉诸这个可能性前提。对这个基础的说明只有借助对心灵整体及其历史两个相互联系的基本前提要素的理解才有可能。这些相互联系的观点内涵对人的实践性活动的身心一致的解释,构成一种内德性的、内德性伦理学的观点。这种内在观点的缺乏引向强硬分割心灵而在理解实践活动时不能复原其整体性的倾向。整体心灵的历史性也由此丧失。被剥夺掉其实践生命内容的心被抽象为agency,作为功能性对照物的身也成为消极的、不确定的实践心灵的抽象符号。基于这种方法与观点的德性伦理学讨论不是恰当的德性伦理学讨论。它没有抓住真实。     

邪教：危害农村的文化恶魔——衡阳市农村邪教组织活动重点地区的调研

自20世纪80年代以来,我国部分农村地区陆续出现了邪教组织。它们的存在及其活动严重危害了农民群众的生命财产安全,扰乱了农村地区社会治安秩序,阻碍了新农村建设。笔者认为邪教是一种特殊的越轨亚文化。这种文化在农村滋生、蔓延以及进行的种种非法活动,     

Chinese Christians in America: Attachment to God,Stress, and Well‐Being

This study examined whether attachment to God moderated the relation between perceived stress and well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction and positive affect) among 183 Chinese Christian international students and immigrants. Results showed significant main effects of (a) perceived stress on life satisfaction and (b) secure attachment to God and avoidant attachment to God on life satisfaction and positive affect. There was a significant interaction of perceived stress and avoidant attachment to God on life satisfaction. Specifically, high avoidant attachment to God exacerbated the association between perceived stress and life satisfaction, whereas low avoidant attachment to God buffered the association between perceived stress and life satisfaction.