亚里士多德的"实践的正确"观点——亚里士多德行为理论研究之一

"正确"是隐含于亚里士多德的德性学说中的一个重要而未充分展开的,在后来的西方伦理学中却变成极为重要的关于行为或实践的概念."正确"与感情和行为都相关."正确"并不是对所有人同样的.它是两端间的那个中间,但并不始终与两端距离相等.对适度或正确的这种说明基本上是从数量、关系与性质范畴引出,而不是从实体范畴引出的述说.所以,德性似乎始终是在一种有连续性的存在中相对于恶或错误而言的.感情与行为的正确如果是环境的、具体的,它是否是多而不是一?亚里士多德在两个层面上回答这个问题.在相对于具体实践者的层面,对我而言的适度或正确很可能不同于对你而言的,实践的正确不是一而是多;在相对于两端或错误唯有一个正确的选择而言,实践的正确始终只是一.     

The influence of race and ethnicity on psychiatric diagnoses and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents in children's services

This study examined the influence of race and ethnicity on psychiatric diagnoses and clinical characteristics of 1,189 children and adolescents participating in the federally funded Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program. Results showed that after controlling for age, gender, functional impairment, and socioeconomic status, there were significant race and ethnicity effects on diagnosis and clinical characteristics. Black and Native Hawaiian youth were more likely than White youth to be diagnosed with disruptive behavioral disorders. Hispanic and Native Hawaiian youth were less likely than White youth to be diagnosed with depression or dysthymia. Black, Asian American, and Native Hawaiian youth were rated as exhibiting less internalizing behavior problems than White youth. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.     

风水问题资料(四)

二十四、吕坤论《葬书》应该烧掉——吕坤《四礼疑》按:吕坤,明代著名思想家。他说的同一墓地的后人命运不同,值得那些信风水的人深思。今译:物有适宜一县而不适宜一省,适宜一村而不适宜一乡的。紧邻的土地有好的也有坏的,紧挨着的泉水有苦的也有甜的。对吗?对。难道葬地就不是     

会话、心灵与实在——塞尔言语行为思想的三个维度

Speech act is an important issue of the philosophy of language. With the development from analytic philosophy to the philosophy of language,and then to the philosophy of mind,the contemporary philosopher Searle has been dedicating himself to perfecting speech act theory for decades. Firstly,based on the whole process of conversation,he enriched speech act theory within the framework of pragmatics,widening the scope of the philosophical study of meaning; secondly,by introducing the notion of intentionality,h...     

道教与健康人格

健康人格是被誉为现代心理学第三思潮的人本主义心理学研究的中心议题之一①,与不健康人格或者"病态人格"具有某种理论上的相对应.西方心理学对健康人格的理解大多是来自对不健康人格的分析和认识,而对于像变态人格、病态人格、精神病等一些概念的认识,几乎就是西方心理学对健康人格研究的最初路线,较为典型的有我们非常熟悉的精神分析学派,就是主要通过对变态人格的研究来揭示健康人格的本质特征.     

On the generality of the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis: Can a visual onset capture attention without top-down control settings for displaywide onset?

The contingent orienting hypothesis (Folk, Remington, & Johnston, 1992) states that attentional capture is contingent on top-down control settings induced by task demands. Past studies supporting this hypothesis have identified three kinds of top-down control settings: for target-specific features, for the strategy to search for a singleton, and for visual features in the target display as a whole. Previously, we have found stimulus-driven capture by onset that was not contingent on the first two kinds of settings (Yeh & Liao, 2008). The current study aims to test the third kind: the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis (Gibson & Kelsey, 1998). Specifically, we ask whether an onset stimulus can still capture attention in the spatial cueing paradigm when attentional control settings for the displaywide onset of the target are excluded by making all letters in the target display emerge from placeholders. Results show that a preceding uninformative onset cue still captured attention to its location in a stimulus-driven fashion, whereas a color cue captured attention only when it was contingent on the setting for displaywide color. These results raise doubts as to the generality of the displaywide contingent orienting hypothesis and help delineate the boundary conditions on this hypothesis.     

Adjusting to death: the effects of mortality salience and self-esteem on psychological well-being, growth motivation, and maladaptive behavior

This research builds on terror management theory to examine the relationships among self-esteem, death cognition, and psychological adjustment. Self-esteem was measured (Studies 1-2, 4-8) or manipulated (Study 3), and thoughts of death were manipulated (Studies 1-3, 5-8) or measured (Study 4). Subsequently, satisfaction with life (Study 1), subjective vitality (Study 2), meaning in life (Studies 3-5), positive and negative affect (Studies 1, 4, 5), exploration (Study 6), state anxiety (Study 7), and social avoidance (Study 8) were assessed. Death-related cognition (a) decreased satisfaction with life, subjective vitality, meaning in life, and exploration; (b) increased negative affect and state anxiety; and (c) exacerbated social avoidance for individuals with low self-esteem but not for those with high self-esteem. These effects occurred only when death thoughts were outside of focal attention. Parallel effects were found in American (Studies 1-4, 6-8) and Chinese (Study 5) samples.     

The Influence of Unrestricted Information Exchange on Willingness to Share Information With Outsiders

This study addressed how engaging in different forms of information exchange within a group is related to group members' willingness to share risk information with outsiders. Drawing from social exchange theories, we focused on 3 unrestricted forms of information exchange: pure‐generalized, group‐generalized, and productive. We hypothesized that individuals' intentions to share information with outsiders would be associated positively with engagement in pure or group‐generalized exchanges and negatively with productive exchange. The hypotheses were supported with data from a national survey of U.S. growers (N = 452) that examined their information‐sharing behaviors with other parties inside and outside their local region. The findings have broad implications for understanding information sharing within and across groups.     

Children’s Responses to Computer‐Synthesized Speech in Educational Media: Gender Consistency and Gender Similarity Effects

This study examines children’s social responses to gender cues in synthesized speech in a computer‐based instruction setting. Eighty 5th‐grade elementary school children were randomly assigned to one of the conditions in a full‐factorial 2 (participant gender) × 2 (voice gender) × 2 (content gender) experiment. Results show that children apply gender‐based social rules to synthesized speech. More specifically, children evaluate synthesized speech more positively, trust the speech more, and learn more effectively when voice gender matches either content gender (consistency attraction) and/or their own gender (similarity attraction). Children’s computer self‐efficacy was a significant covariate for their social responses to synthesized speech. Theoretical and practical implications of the current study for the design of educational media are discussed.