有关条件推理认知机制的概率理论

条件推理主要有两种研究范式：演绎形式(MP、DA、AC、MT)和变通形式(四卡问题)。已往研究主要探讨了内容因素、情境因素以及元认知因素等对条件推理的影响,形成了若干理论模型和观点。近来、Oaksford等人研究了概率因素对条件推理的影响．提出了条件概率模型。本文对这种新的研究取向作了详细的介绍和评价,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

企业管理者人际沟通能力结构研究

本研究拟在系统论指导下建构企业管理者人际沟通能力结构,并对结构中各元素之间的关系进行探讨。通过访淡、开放性问卷、专家评定等方法编制问卷,并对上海、沈阳、宁夏等地区企业429位管理者进行测量。在获取问卷信度、效度后,对人际沟通能力结构进行分析。结果显示：人际沟通能力由沟通倾向、沟通技能和沟通认知能力三元成分组成;在沟通认知与沟通倾向、沟通认知与沟通技能之间存在直接的相互作用,沟通倾向与沟通技能是通过沟通认知彼此发生间接的相互作用。     

积极心理学在戒毒人员团体辅导中的应用

戒毒人员的心理干预与矫治正日益受到重视。积极心理学关注人们发掘自身的积极品质和积极力量,戒毒人员同样拥有的积极力量。本研究对上海市某强制隔离戒毒所的戒毒人员开展了以积极心理学为理论基础的团体心理辅导。团体辅导之后,实验组在正性情感和乐观上的得分都显著高于团体辅导前,对照组在团体辅导前后则没有显著变化。可见,将积极心理学应用于戒毒人员的团体辅导具有积极意义,团体辅导是一种有效的戒毒心理矫治方式。     

Attention and memory biases toward body-related images among restrained eaters

This study examined biases in attention and memory toward body-related images among restrained (n = 31) and unrestrained (n = 29) eaters. Attentional allocation to images of thin and overweight bodies during a visual search task was measured by tracking participants’ eyegaze. This task was followed by a recognition test assessing participants’ memory for those images. Restrained and unrestrained eaters allocated more attention to body-related images than to control images, but there was no difference in attentional allocation between the two groups. Restrained eaters showed better recognition of body-related images that they had previously seen during the visual search task. Finally, increased attention was associated with better recognition of body-related images for both restrained and unrestrained eaters, but restrained eaters had better overall recognition regardless of the level of attention. These findings suggest that restrained eaters may have more organized strategies for processing body-related information than do unrestrained eaters.     

Goal-relevant events need not be rare to boost memory for concurrent images

In the attentional boost effect, memory for images presented at the same time as unrelated targets (e.g., an orange square) is enhanced relative to images presented at the same time as distractors (e.g., a blue square). One difficulty in understanding the nature of this enhancement is that, in most experiments demonstrating the attentional boost effect, targets have been less common than distractors. As a result, the memory enhancement associated with target detection may have been driven by differences in the relative frequencies of targets and distractors. In four experiments, participants encoded images into memory at the same time that they monitored a second, unrelated stimulus stream for targets. In some conditions, targets were as common as distractors (1:1 ratio); in others, targets were rare (1:6 ratio). The attentional boost effect was present when the target and distractor frequencies were equated, ruling out oddball and distinctiveness effects as explanations. These effects were observed when targets required a buttonpress and when they were covertly counted. Memory enhancements were not observed for images presented at the same time as rare distractor stimuli. We concluded that selectively attending to events that require an overt or covert response enhances the processing of concurrent information.     

民族志:民族伦理学研究的方法论转向

上世纪80年代末期,中国开启了民族伦理学的研究。经过20余年的发展,民族伦理学取得了令人瞩目的成果,不仅有多部民族伦理学专著出版、大量的研究论文问世,而且在一些民族高等院校设立了民族伦理学研究所,招收民族伦理学方向的研究生。但是,在民族伦理学研究一派繁荣的表象     

早期归隐现象与管晏的隐逸观

我国古代的隐逸发生很早,至迟在商周之际就有不少可信的例子,到春秋时期成为一种普遍社会现象。对于隐逸,管、晏进行了具体分析,给予隐士客观评价,并主张国家积极征召隐士。管、晏的隐逸观与他们自身经历有关,也是其“举贤授能”人才思想的一部分。管、晏招隐士的主张,对于当时诸侯笼络人才、赢取民心、稳定社会具有积极作用。     

硕士生就业压力源、人格、情绪调节策略与负性情绪的关系

该研究以某985高校550名硕士毕业生为样本,编制、修订了相关问卷或量表,通过数据分析探讨了就业压力源对就业过程产生的负性情绪的直接效应及人格、情绪调解策略等中介变量的效应。结果发现,就业压力源、神经质性对负性情绪有显著直接效应,就业压力源通过人格的神经质性维度对负性情绪产生显著间接效应;神经质性的影响程度大于就业压力源的影响程度。关于负性情绪,未发现情绪调节策略对其有显著的直接效应或中介效应。     

长沙金盆岭晋墓与太阴炼形——以及墓葬器物群的分布逻辑

1958年发掘的湖南长沙金盆岭西晋永宁二年墓墓室四角距墓底1.54米处各有一块平砌的砖伸出壁面一段,表明该墓形制乃模拟北斗,象征着整个墓室乃是死者卧斗修炼成仙的炼形之宫。墓中出土的陶俑等40件精美器物分区摆放,其中对书俑应为司命司录俑,其三笔象征司命神所注写墓主人三命,另可识别有诵经真官俑、鬼官北斗俑等。不同的器物群构成不同的功能区域,代表着墓主人地下修炼成仙过程的不同阶段。墓内器物有其内在符号逻辑,表达着墓主人所追求的太阴炼形、飞升成仙的终极理想。文中首次提出墓葬器物分布逻辑分析法,力图还原墓葬及器物背后那个支配着整个仪式结构的思想图景。     

班级环境与青少年抑郁的关系：核心自我评价的中介与调节作用

通过整群抽样的方法抽取了1404名中学生,对其施测核心自我评价量表,我的班级问卷和抑郁问卷,应用无约束结构方程模型技术和结构方程中介效应检验技术,分别考察了核心自我评价在班级环境与抑郁关系间的调节与中介作用。结果表明：（1）核心自我评价对班级环境中的师生关系、同学关系、竞争三者和抑郁之间的关系起着调节作用,但结构模型的拟合指数不佳;（2）核心自我评价在班级环境与青少年抑郁间起着中介作用,其中核心自我评价在竞争与抑郁间关系起着完全中介作用。