Spatial accuracy demand in aiming movements: kinematic analysis of subtended angle and tolerance width

Subtended angle has been assumed to be an important factor in both response programming time and kinematic characteristics of aiming movements. Support for this assumption has come mainly from studies in which circular targets have been used. However, with circular targets, the subtended angle covaries with the size of the target in the principal direction of the movement (tolerance width). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of tolerance width and subtended angle on aiming movement with multiple targets. Participants first hit a 5-cm-diameter circular target located 8 cm to the left of a starting position and then moved another 8 cm left to hit either a 5-cm diameter circular target or a 5- x 1-cm rectangular target oriented either horizontally or vertically, depending on the condition. Analysis showed that reaction times and movement times were longer for the vertical rectangular target, which had a smaller tolerance width than the other two targets. In addition, the vertical rectangular target also showed a greater percentage of secondary-submovement trials, lower movement velocity, and higher peak vertical displacement. Overall, the results indicate that the tolerance width of the target may impose more constraints on aiming movements than subtended angle.     

测验情境对错误记忆的影响

本研究采用DRM范式,通过两个实验考察测验情境对错误记忆的影响,结果发现：（1）在两个实验中均产生了错误记忆现象：实验一关键诱饵的错误再认率为M=0．514,SD=0233;实验二关键诱饵的总错误再认率M=0．510,SD=0．215：（2）学习词表的语义关联越大,错误再认率越低：实验一项目语义关联程度主效应显著,F（1,84）=6．145．MSE=0．312．P=0．015;实验二,F（1,84）=5．143,MSE=0．225,P=0．026;（3）关键诱饵的位置造成了不同的情境效应：实验一,关键诱饵出现在第一个位置和第二个位置之间错误再认率差异显著（P=0．024）;实验二,关键诱饵出现第二个位置和第三个位置之间的错误再认率边缘显著（P=0．052）。该研究揭示了情境对错误记忆的影响。     

Relationship between Chinese children's imaginary companions and their understanding of second-order false beliefs and emotions

We investigated relationship between Chinese children's imaginary companions (ICs) and their understanding of second-order false beliefs and emotions in 180 children, aged 5–6 years old. We examined the potential differences in second-order false belief understanding and emotion understanding between children with and without ICs, children with egalitarian IC relationships and hierarchical IC relationships, as well as children with invisible friends and personified objects. The results revealed that children with ICs had better second-order false belief understanding and emotion understanding than children without ICs. Compared with children with hierarchical relationships, children with egalitarian relationships had better second-order false belief understanding. However, children with invisible friends and personified objects did not differ on their understanding of second-order false beliefs and emotions. The results suggest that compared with IC types, IC status and child-IC relationship qualities may be more relevant to children's theory of mind. It will be interesting for the future researchers to investigate the underlying mechanism of the differences between children with egalitarian IC relationships and hierarchical IC relationships.     

《管子·侈靡》篇研究——兼论《管子》的经济思想

《侈靡》是《管子》中一篇重要文章,以难懂著称。本文从《管子》全书出发,探讨《侈靡》真意,并对全篇作一综合性研究。     

On the nature of sustainable Economic systems

The theme of the 1982 Tokyo Conference of the Club of Rome is ‘Approaching the 21st Century: Global Problems and Human Choices.’ This is a topic of crucial importance that our generations will have to tackle in all its breadth and depth. Within its context are presented some ideas about the alternatives of the human future.     

The effect of landmarks in human path integration

The effect of landmarks in human path integration was investigated using virtual hallway-mazes. Participants traveled along random 5-segment paths either with or without distinctive landmarks at some segment intersections. They were required to directly return to the origin or to one of the landmark locations from the end of the path. Results showed that knowledge of the return targets prior to the outbound trip significantly reduced RTs to both the origin and the landmarks. Moreover, RTs in the return-to-origin trials were longer with landmarks present than without landmarks. This effect was eliminated when the return target was given prior to the trip. These results suggest that processing of the origin and the landmarks interfere with each other. However this interference is not obligatory and can be eliminated or reduced by prior knowledge about the target. The influences of landmarks on path integration and spatial updating were discussed.     

Depressive symptoms, cortisol, and cognition during human aging: the role of negative aging perceptions

Depressive symptoms and memory impairments are associated with heightened stress hormone levels during aging. A factor that is related to memory deficits during aging is internalized negative aging stereotypes; the idea people have about the process of aging. In this study, we assessed the associations between internalized negative aging stereotypes, depressive symptoms, subjective and objective memory assessments, and cortisol concentration among older adults. Forty older adults aged between 58 and 85 years (18 females and 22 males; mean age?±?SD: 71.25?±?8.80 years) were assessed in this study. Measures of internalized negative aging stereotypes, depressive symptoms, and both subjective and objective memory performance were assessed. Salivary samples were obtained for measurement of cortisol concentration. Stepwise linear regressions were executed in our main analyses. Internalized negative aging stereotypes were associated with increased depressive symptoms and subjective memory complaints. No significant differences were observed for objective memory performance, or cortisol concentration. Internalized negative aging stereotypes are associated with increased depressive symptomatology and subjective complaints of memory; however, they do not predict increased cortisol concentration nor objective memory performance during aging. These results indicate that the mechanism underlying the association between internalized negative aging stereotypes and cognitive impairments may not be related to dysregulations of cortisol secretion among older adults.     

大学生心理需求及其满足与网络成瘾的关系

以武汉地区1183名大学生为被试,通过问卷调查探讨大学生心理需求程度及其在现实和网络中的满足程度与网络成瘾的关系。结果表明：与非网络成瘾大学生相比,网络成瘾大学生的心理需求的网络满足更多而现实满足更低,但两组大学生的心理需求程度并无明显差异;网络成瘾大学生的心理需求与网络满足的相关高于与现实满足的相关,但非成瘾大学生不存在这种差异;心理需求现实满足高但网络满足低的大学生网络成瘾的比率最低,而心理需求现实满足低网络满足高的大学生网络成瘾的比率最高。     

Nonexpert Evaluations on Architectural Design Creativity Across Cultures

This article examines the relationship between cultural differences and the nonexpert evaluations of architectural design creativity. In study I, Caucasian Americans (N = 126) and East Asians (N = 137), who did not major in architecture and urban design, evaluated the novelty and appropriateness of 5 unusual architectural shapes, selected by 5 experts in the field of architecture. In study II, the 2 cultural groups selected preferred alternatives from 3 pairs of silhouettes of architectural shapes that were distinctive and indistinctive from the adjacent environments. The data were collected by an online survey tool. Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and subsequent t-tests revealed that East Asians awarded lower scores as regards the novelty and appropriateness of unusual, novel architectural forms, and that they accepted unusual and distinctive architectural shapes less than the Caucasian Americans did. These results indicated that cultural differences between these 2 groups affected the nonexpert creativity evaluations, as introduced in previous cross-cultural studies. The East Asians’ creativity evaluations and preference tests were possibly influenced by their perceptions of contextual information and emphasis on the holistic and interdependent relationships amongst environmental elements, whereas the Caucasian Americans’ evaluations were related to their analytic tendency to be aware of focal objects and independent identity.     

Cultural knowledge,category label,and social connections: Components of cultural identity in the global,multicultural context

Cultural identity refers to the psychological connection between an individual's self and a culture. In this paper, we identify three components that make up an individual's cultural identity – cultural knowledge, category label, and social connections. The cultural knowledge component connects an individual with a culture through the individual's direct endorsement of what are widely known to be the culture's central characteristics. The category label component connects an individual with a culture through the individual's depersonalized membership in a cultural collective. The social connections component connects an individual with a culture through networks of specific social relationships. The three components are conceptually distinct, and yet may have interconnections in influencing the development of cultural identity. We examine the implications of the three components on cultural identification processes in the context of multiculturalism and global cultural contact.