Baby's first 10 words

Although there has been much debate over the content of children's first words, few large sample studies address this question for children at the very earliest stages of word learning. The authors report data from comparable samples of 265 English-, 336 Putonghua- (Mandarin), and 369 Cantonese-speaking 8- to 16-month-old infants whose caregivers completed MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories and reported them to produce between 1 and 10 words. Analyses of individual words indicated striking commonalities in the first words that children learn. However, substantive cross-linguistic differences appeared in the relative prevalence of common nouns, people terms, and verbs as well as in the probability that children produced even one of these word types when they had a total of 1-3, 4-6, or 7-10 words in their vocabularies. These data document cross-linguistic differences in the types of words produced even at the earliest stages of vocabulary learning and underscore the importance of parental input and cross-linguistic/cross-cultural variations in children's early word-learning.     

急救站救助不及时的侵权——因果关系之确认与按比例赔偿

急救站的救治属院外急救,是急救医学的重要组成部分,而及时性是此类救治的生命所在。论述救护站救护不及时侵权的概念、类型、特点、因果关系和损害赔偿等相关内容,着重讨论英美法系的存活机会损失理论和大陆法系的相当因果关系说在此类侵权诉讼中的应用及两种理论的共同落脚点,即按比例赔偿理论。     

Why does writing about important values reduce defensiveness? Self-affirmation and the role of positive other-directed feelings

ABSTRACT Previous research has repeatedly shown that writing about an important value, compared with writing about an unimportant value, reduces defensiveness in response to self-threatening information, but has not identified why. Study 1 showed that participants who wrote about an important value reported more positive other-directed feelings, such as love and connection, than participants who wrote about an unimportant value. Study 2 replicated this effect, and showed that loving and connected feelings, but not positive or negative self-directed feelings, completely accounted for the effect of a values-affirmation manipulation on smokers' acceptance of information indicating that smoking harms health. These studies, in concert with previous research, suggest that values affirmation reduces defensiveness via self-transcendence, rather than self-integrity (i.e., self-worth or self-images).     

卒中单元——中国未来卒中医疗的起点

卒中单元是脑血管病管理的新模式,是目前脑血管病临床治疗最为有效的方法。研究证明：卒中单元能有效地降低急性卒中患者的病死率,减少并发症,提高卒中后生活质量,缩短住院时间。而我国脑血管病的主要医疗模式是以药物为主的治疗方式,建立有中国特色的卒中单元是目前脑血管病临床实践的当务之急。     

Adolescent Internet usage in Taiwan: exploring gender differences

The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in adolescent Internet accessibility, motives for use, and online activities in Taiwan; 629 5th and 6th graders were surveyed. Findings revealed that the gap in gender differences with regard to Internet use has decreased in this generation. Even though the Internet is the most recent form of major media in the world, it has become the second most important medium as perceived by boys and girls. No gender difference was found in adolescents' motives for using the Internet.The ranking of relative importance of motives for adolescents going online was searching for information, followed by socializing, and boredom avoidance for both boys and girls. However, a gender difference in online activities seems to persist. Searching for homework information and playing games were the most popular online activities for all adolescents. However, while girls tended to view the Internet more as a means of searching for information and e-mailing friends, boys tended to use it more for playing games and down-loading software.     

儒家道德形而上学问题探究

道德形而上学,主要解释了道德的普遍性与必然性的原理,它是道德哲学的基本问题之一.在儒学的构成中,道德问题是贯穿其整个学说的主线,自然也留下了大量关于道德形而上学的系统论述.经历了先秦时期的萌芽,宋明时期的发展,直至近现代的完善,儒家道德形而上学理论生成了自身独具的结构范式.它通过对非感性世界的追问,为人们的道德生活与意义世界提供了源于生命内在自我领悟的终极关怀.它从根本上决定了儒家道德理想、道德原则、道德评价、道德规范、道德序列以及道德修养的内涵.     

类别空间关系加工系统和数量空间关系加工系统的分离 ——来自多领域的研究证据

Kosslyn认为人类的空间关系加工系统分为类别空间关系加工子系统和数量空间关系加工子系统,这两个子系统不仅存在功能上的分离,并且存在大脑神经水平的分离,这种神经水平的分离表现为两种空间关系加工的大脑半球偏向,即类别空间关系加工的左半球偏向与数量空间关系加工的右半球偏向。对两种空间关系加工的研究,涉及的领域从低水平的空间知觉,至表象、记忆、语言、行动及物体识别等,涉及的研究方法包括半视野速示法,神经网络模拟,PET, fMRI, ERP, rTMS,脑损伤病人的研究及比较动物研究。综合现有研究,虽然大多数研究中得到的脑半球偏向为两种加工子系统在神经水平的分离提供了证据,但不同研究中脑半球偏向的获得是相当不稳定的,并且受到研究方法因素的影响。尽管造成神经水平的分离似乎与大脑左右半球对具有不同感受野特征的神经元输出的偏向有一定的关系,但这仍需要进一步的研究证据     

急性期精神分裂症返回抑制的时间进程

利用线索-靶子模式研究急性期精神分裂症返回抑制的时间进程.研究对象包括健康对照组、早期精神分裂症组和慢性精神分裂症组.结果表明:(1)健康志愿者和早期精神分裂症患者均有完好的返回抑制现象,而慢性精神分裂症患者存在返回抑制缺陷,返回抑制出现时间延迟,持续时间缩短.(2)精神分裂症的返回抑制缺陷与疾病慢性化指标(病程、既往发作次数和住院次数)之间存在相关性.结果支持早期精神分裂症和慢性精神分裂症在急性期存在不同的返回抑制特征,早期精神分裂症的返回抑制保存完好,而慢性精神分裂症的返回抑制存在缺陷;精神分裂症返回抑制缺陷可能发生发展于疾病的慢性过程中,而不是发生于疾病初期;精神分裂症的注意缺陷是独立的缺陷症状.     

自尊、防御机制与流浪儿童偏差行为的关系研究

本研究以北京、上海两地救助机构的41名流浪儿童为对象,通过半结构访谈、问卷调查等研究方法,对流浪儿童的心理特征和行为表现进行了深人研究和探讨.结果显示:(1)流浪时问对中间型防御机制有显著影响;性别对流浪儿童所采取的防御机制类型有显著影响.(2)流浪生活(流浪原因、是否有教唆者或加入特定组织、流浪次数等)对偏差行为有重要影响.(3)自尊缓冲不成熟防御机制对偏差行为的负向关系.     

The “Manifesto” of New-Confucianism and the revival of virtue ethics

In 1958, a group of New-Confucians issued “A Manifesto for a Re-Appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture.” Equally in 1958, the British philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe published her classical paper “Modern Moral Philosophy.” These two papers have the same target — modern Western morality — and the solutions they proposed respectively. Yet Anscombe’s paper did not mention Confucianism, and the “Manifesto” ignored Aristotelian tradition of virtue. Furthermore, from 1960s to 1990s, the revival movement of Confucianism and the revival movement of Aristotelian ethics have not had much dialogue. This paper seeks to explain this phenomenon by comparing these two historically important documents. In particular it tries to understand why the “Manifesto” fails to see the similarities between Aristotle and Confucius. Translated by Lei Yongqiang and polished by Yu Jiyuan from Shandong Daxue Xuebao 山东大学学报 (Journal of Shandong University), 2007, (1): 1–9