Modeling Female Social Aggression: Predictors from Multiple Developmental Contexts

A diverse array of proposed antecedents of social aggression (SA) were examined in two studies. This work is informed by ecological systems theory and examined predictors from the micro- and mesosystems. In Study 1, women (n?=?284). completed measures of aggression, digit ratio, emotional intelligence (EI), agreeableness, parenting styles, attachment insecurity with parents and peers, and television (TV) consumption. Aggression correlated with EI, agreeableness, parental authoritarianism, attachment insecurity with fathers and peers, and TV consumption; these variables accounted for 22% of the variance in SA. Father attachment insecurity moderated the TV-SA association, suggesting that positive experiences with parents can buffer negative effects of TV consumption. Study 2 aimed to increase the predictive power of the model. Females (n?=?115) completed measures of aggression, digit ratio, EI, agreeableness, parental authoritarianism, interparental conflict, dominance goals, popularity goals, physical appearance comparison, and TV consumption. Aggression correlated with EI, agreeableness, interparental conflict, dominance goals, popularity goals, and appearance comparison. Together, these variables accounted for 40% of the variance in SA; agreeableness, dominance goals, and popularity goals were significant predictors. Interparental conflict moderated the TV-SA association, again suggesting that positive experiences with parents can cushion effects of TV consumption. Implications for development of SA are discussed.     

Postural and Locomotor Contributions to Affordance Perception

The authors sought to evaluate the relative importance of locomotor control and postural control in the perception of affordances. While seated in a stationary wheelchair, participants made a series of judgments about the minimum lintel height under which they could roll in the wheelchair. Prior to making judgments, participants were given brief (～2 min) experience with wheelchair locomotion. They expected that this practice would influence the accuracy of subsequent affordance judgments. During practice, participants moved under their own power (using their hands on the wheels) or with an experimenter pushing the wheelchair. Also during wheelchair locomotion the participant's head was restrained, or was not. Results revealed that head restraint during the practice session had no effect on the accuracy of subsequent judgments. By contrast, the judgments of participants who controlled locomotion during practice were significantly more accurate than the judgments of participants who had not controlled their locomotion during practice.     

Cognitive tools shape thought: diagrams in design

Thinking often entails interacting with cognitive tools. In many cases, notably design, the predominant tool is the page. The page allows externalizing, organizing, and reorganizing thought. Yet, the page has its own properties that by expressing thought affect it: path, proximity, place, and permanence. The effects of these properties were evident in designs of information systems created by students Paths were interpreted as routes through components. Proximity was used to group subsystems. Horizontal position on the page was used to express temporal sequence and vertical position to reflect real-world spatial position. The permanence of designs on the page guided but also constrained generation of alternative designs. Cognitive tools both reflect and affect thought.     

儿童社交退缩、同伴关系和社会信息加工特点的关系

应用班级戏剧问卷在小学3-5年级儿童中筛选退缩儿童121名（安静退缩52名,活跃退缩47名,混合退缩22名）,同时设立对照组。集体施测同伴提名、朋友提名和友谊质量问卷,并对其中部分儿童实施社会信息加工的结构性访谈,探讨童年中期不同类型社交退缩儿童的同伴关系和社会信息加工特点之间的关系。结果表明,安静退缩儿童的同伴关系与一般儿童无显著差异,但活跃退缩和混合退缩儿童的同伴关系较差;活跃退缩儿童和混合退缩儿童与一般儿童相比,在社会信息加工过程中存在更多的差异;儿童的同伴关系在社交退缩行为与社会信息加工能力之间起到部分中介的作用;可从同伴关系和反应执行水平两个方面综合预测儿童的退缩行为。     

促进初中学生自学数学有效心理学原则

教学改革中的心理学问题主要是教学内容和方法的改革如何更好符合学生认识过程和认识能力发展的规律问题。因此,改进教材教法是个重要环节。1965年我们总结前两年重复欧美的“程序教材”的基础上,批判地吸收了在这一段时间内所得的经验教训,转而提出了利用三个本子(一本课本,一本练习本,一本答案本)的自然试验方案,在北京女六     

线索强度对测试效应的调节:时间间隔上的差异

本研究采用不同线索强度(强/弱)的中文词对, 选取大学生被试126人, 考察了不同学习方式(重学/测试)在不同时间间隔(5分钟/2天)最终自由回忆测试成绩上的差异。结果发现:在强线索强度词对上, 学习方式主效应显著, 测试条件的回忆成绩在5分钟以及2天后均高于重学条件;而在弱线索强度词对上, 学习方式与间隔时间交互作用显著, 5分钟时重学条件与测试条件的记忆成绩差异不显著, 而2天后测试条件的记忆成绩却显著高于重学条件。结果表明词对的线索强度能够调节测试对不同时间间隔记忆保持的促进作用, 支持了精细提取假设。     

不同类型罪犯在爱荷华赌博任务中的决策功能缺陷

采用爱荷华赌博任务(Behcara等人1994年版本)测量了8类共222名在监男性罪犯以及32名普通男性的决策功能, 并运用前景效用学习模型分析了不同类型罪犯在情感决策中的心理功能缺陷。罪犯组选择牌1的比例与控制组没有显著差异, 选择牌2的比例显著高于控制组, 选择牌3和牌4的比例显著低于控制组。暴力犯和涉黑犯对收益和损失都不敏感, 对过去的预期效用折扣很快; 吸毒犯(已戒除)、涉毒犯、盗窃犯和抢劫犯对奖赏加工正常, 对惩罚不敏感; 经济犯选择一致性最低; 性罪犯选择一致性最高。结果表明不同类型罪犯在爱荷华赌博任务中都具有决策功能缺陷, 但他们的决策功能缺陷由不同的心理功能缺陷所致。     

基于消费者自我概念的高尔夫消费动机研究*

首先编制了消费者自我概念量表,对高尔夫球会客人进行了消费者自我概念的测查,将高尔夫消费者划分为事业自我型、交际自我型、精明自我型、家庭自我型和表现自我型五大类,进而分析了这五类消费者在参与高尔夫球运动动机和购买高尔夫球会会籍动机方面的差异。结果表明,(1)锻炼身体是消费者参与高尔夫球运动的主要动机。不同自我概念消费者参与高尔夫运动的动机的差异表现在事业自我型消费者与其他群体的差异显著;(2)商务交往是消费者购买球会会籍动机的主要动机,不同自我概念消费者购买球会会籍动机的差异表现在家庭自我型消费者与交际自我型、表现自我型消费者之间存在显著差异。     

弈棋风格的眼动证据

以围棋业余棋手为被试,采用2（大局观：高分、低分）×2（机敏轻灵：高分、低分）的被试间设计,通过眼动分析技术来探寻机敏轻灵和大局观两个弈棋风格维度存在的眼动证据。结果表明：（1）机敏轻灵维度的高低可以从平均注视持续时间、平均眼跳幅度和注视次数三个眼动特征上加以区分;（2）大局观维度存在兴趣区数目、回视次数、眼跳次数、注视次数和平均注视持续时间等五个眼动指标。研究认为,眼动指标为弈棋风格的机敏轻灵和大局观两个维度的存在提供了客观证据。     

中国青少年心理健康素质·应对风格的研究

应用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·应对风格分量表》对全国23个省、市、自治区44063名青少年的应对风格状况进行了调查。结果发现：（1）在应对风格的行为—生理策略、行为—表达策略、认知—表达策略、防御策略和混合策略上,我国青少年的得分从小学五年级逐渐上升至初二年级,之后下降,到高三年级和大学回升。（2）在认知—情境策略和行为—情境策略上表现为从小学五年级到初中阶段逐渐下降,从高三年级后开始回升。