运用蒙特卡罗方法对SDT和IRT的比较研究

本研究运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法。在80种不同的实验条件下产生被试的反应矩阵,再分别用信号检测理论(SDT)和项目反应理论(IRT)中的Rasch模型、三参数逻辑斯谛模型对被试的能力进行估计,其结果表明,用这三种不同方法所得到的能力估计值均与能力的真实值有较高的相关。     

Standing Posture on Land and at Sea

We studied the influence of ship motion on postural activity during stance, varying stance width (the distance between the feet in side-by-side stance) and the difficulty of visual tasks. Participants (experienced crewmembers) were tested on land and then on successive days on a ship at sea in mild sea states. On land, we replicated classical effects of stance width and visual task on the magnitude of postural movement. The magnitude of forces used in postural control was greater at sea than on land. Visual performance at sea was comparable to performance on land. Both stance width and visual task difficulty influenced postural activity at sea. In addition, postural activity changed over days at sea. We conclude that experienced crewmembers modulated standing posture in support of the performance of visual tasks and that such effects occurred even in mild sea states. The overall pattern of effects is compatible with the hypothesis that postural activity is modulated, in part, in support of the performance of suprapostural tasks.     

Modeling Female Social Aggression: Predictors from Multiple Developmental Contexts

A diverse array of proposed antecedents of social aggression (SA) were examined in two studies. This work is informed by ecological systems theory and examined predictors from the micro- and mesosystems. In Study 1, women (n?=?284). completed measures of aggression, digit ratio, emotional intelligence (EI), agreeableness, parenting styles, attachment insecurity with parents and peers, and television (TV) consumption. Aggression correlated with EI, agreeableness, parental authoritarianism, attachment insecurity with fathers and peers, and TV consumption; these variables accounted for 22% of the variance in SA. Father attachment insecurity moderated the TV-SA association, suggesting that positive experiences with parents can buffer negative effects of TV consumption. Study 2 aimed to increase the predictive power of the model. Females (n?=?115) completed measures of aggression, digit ratio, EI, agreeableness, parental authoritarianism, interparental conflict, dominance goals, popularity goals, physical appearance comparison, and TV consumption. Aggression correlated with EI, agreeableness, interparental conflict, dominance goals, popularity goals, and appearance comparison. Together, these variables accounted for 40% of the variance in SA; agreeableness, dominance goals, and popularity goals were significant predictors. Interparental conflict moderated the TV-SA association, again suggesting that positive experiences with parents can cushion effects of TV consumption. Implications for development of SA are discussed.     

Postural and Locomotor Contributions to Affordance Perception

The authors sought to evaluate the relative importance of locomotor control and postural control in the perception of affordances. While seated in a stationary wheelchair, participants made a series of judgments about the minimum lintel height under which they could roll in the wheelchair. Prior to making judgments, participants were given brief (～2 min) experience with wheelchair locomotion. They expected that this practice would influence the accuracy of subsequent affordance judgments. During practice, participants moved under their own power (using their hands on the wheels) or with an experimenter pushing the wheelchair. Also during wheelchair locomotion the participant's head was restrained, or was not. Results revealed that head restraint during the practice session had no effect on the accuracy of subsequent judgments. By contrast, the judgments of participants who controlled locomotion during practice were significantly more accurate than the judgments of participants who had not controlled their locomotion during practice.     

Actual Versus Perceived Knowledge of Child Development in a Therapeutic Context: A Survey of Therapists

The present study investigates the relationship between therapists' perceived knowledge level in the area of child development and their actual knowledge level, as measured by an assessment instrument developed to measure child development knowledge within a therapeutic setting. Results revealed that respondents felt that they were knowledgable in the area of child development, as well as comfortable working with children in a therapeutic context. However, as a group, the respondents only averaged 68% on the child development assessment scale. Implications of the study's findings, as well as recommendations for clinical training programs and future research, are discussed.     

Cognitive tools shape thought: diagrams in design

Thinking often entails interacting with cognitive tools. In many cases, notably design, the predominant tool is the page. The page allows externalizing, organizing, and reorganizing thought. Yet, the page has its own properties that by expressing thought affect it: path, proximity, place, and permanence. The effects of these properties were evident in designs of information systems created by students Paths were interpreted as routes through components. Proximity was used to group subsystems. Horizontal position on the page was used to express temporal sequence and vertical position to reflect real-world spatial position. The permanence of designs on the page guided but also constrained generation of alternative designs. Cognitive tools both reflect and affect thought.     

The cross-lagged relationship between interpersonal forgiveness and depression symptoms in China

This study investigated the relationship between the process of forgiveness and depressive symptoms in China. A total of 116 college students who had experienced an interpersonal transgression “within the past week” were selected to perform the tracking measurements at 2-week intervals. Cross-lagged models showed that the victim's depressive symptoms were related to increasing revenge and avoidance motivations as well as decreased benevolence motivation; however, the revenge, avoidance, and benevolence motivations of the victims did not predict subsequent changes in depressive symptoms. These results confirm that the presence of depressive symptoms is a predictor of the reduced interpersonal forgiveness, and the alleviation of individuals' depressive symptoms plays a protective role in the adaptive process of interpersonal relationships.     

成语具体性效应的眼动研究

分别采用命名任务和眼动技术进行了两项实验,考察成语是否存在具体性效应.实验为2(具体性:具体成语、抽象成语)×2(成语频率:高频、低频)的完全被试内设计.实验一的32名大学生被试的反应时数据显示,四字成语存在具体性效应,频率和具体性之间存在交互作用；实验二将成语放在句中进行自然阅读,并使用Eyelink-Ⅱ型眼动仪对被试的眼动数据进行采集.23名大学生被试的数据结果显示,具体性效应依然存在,且只出现在低频成语中.具体性效应发生在加工的早期和晚期阶段,成语的字面意义参与加工.     

从《太平经》看早期道教的孝道思想

孝道思想是道教的重要内容,其产生时间较早,并受到道教产生前背景观念的影响。道教早期文献《太平经》具有大量道教孝道思想的表达,并且具有代表性。本文通过对早期道教孝道思想产生的背景和对《太平经》文本的分析,得出道教早期孝道思想两重意蕴,即世俗层面和神圣层面,并指出道教孝道思想的最终落脚点在效法天地、顺其自然。