Separate Pathways for the Processing of Affordance of Neutral and Dangerous Object

Previous studies have shown that observation of object automatically elicits the activation of a reach-to-grasp response specifically directed to interact with the object, which is termed affordance. Recent findings provide evidences that even dangerous objects can evoke aversive affordances. However, these studies only focused on avoidance effect emerged with dangerous objects. It remains unclear whether the neutral object and dangerous object share a common mechanism for the processing of affordance information. The affordance effect is considered to be a type of conflict between the afforded response and the response required by the task. In a symbol judgment task, we simultaneously presented the neutral object and dangerous object to investigate whether the congruency sequence effects (congruency effects following incongruent trials are smaller than those following congruent trials) occurred across the two types of affordance conflict, which is typically assumed that such flexible adjustments can only be observed between the same conflict types. It was found that congruency sequence effects were only generated between the same types of affordance conflict (e.g., neutral object or dangerous object), but not between two different affordance conflict types (e.g., neutral object and dangerous object). These results indicate there may be two different pathways for the processing of affordance of the neutral and dangerous object.     

Linking leader authentic personality to employee voice behaviour: a multilevel mediation model of authentic leadership development

Drawing on self-consistency and self-concept-based theories, this study examined the antecedents and outcomes of authentic leadership. Specifically, the mediating roles that authentic leadership and organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) play in translating leader authentic personality into employee voice behaviour were investigated. The results, from a sample of 408 subordinate–supervisor dyads from Taiwan, provide evidence of a positive relationship for leader authentic personality with direct reports’ ratings of the leaders’ authentic leadership. In addition, authentic leadership was found to influence subordinates’ voice behaviour, as rated by subordinates’ immediate supervisors; notably, this relationship was partially mediated by the subordinates’ perceptions of OBSE. Furthermore, leader authentic personality was indirectly related to subordinates’ voice behaviour through the mediating influence of authentic leadership and, in turn, subordinates’ perceptions of OBSE. The implications of these results for leadership research and practice, as well as directions for future research, are also presented in this paper.     

Set points of positivity ratio for different levels of well‐being: A latent profile analysis

Previous studies have explored the set points of the positivity ratio by grouping according to predetermined cut‐off scores, resulting in inconsistent criteria and unstable results. This study intends to further explore the set points of the positivity ratio using latent profile analysis. Two samples of 716 college students and 381 adults in China completed the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well‐Being, the Personal Growth Subscale from Ryff's Psychological Well‐being Scale, the Need Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Emotional Experience of Well‐Being Questionnaire. College students were classified into four classes (2.0, 2.8, 3.7 and 5.0) with the set points of the positivity ratio, whereas adults were classified into three classes (1.9, 2.9 and 4.2) with the set points of the positivity ratio. The difference of the set points between college students and adults was nonsignificant for medium and high well‐being classes, and significant with a small effect size for the higher well‐being class. Future research should examine more diverse samples and combine the real experience method to further explore the set points of the positivity ratio.     

大学生生涯适应力与创业效能感和创业意向的关系

为验证和探讨生涯适应力对创业意识的影响作用,采用问卷调查的方式对426名大四本科生的生涯适应力与创业效能感和创业意向的关系进行了实证研究。结果表明:当前的经济形势和职业环境催促着我国大学生生涯适应力的发展;大学生的生涯适应力既能直接的预测创业意向,也能通过创业效能感间接的预测创业意向;积极的生涯关注是大学生领悟和内化"创业角色"从而增强创业效能感和创业意向的关键因素。生涯适应力是影响大学生创业意向形成和发展的重要心理资源。将生涯适应力开发融入我国高校的创业教育有助于大学生创业意识的提升。     

青少年内隐自尊与自我防卫关系研究

对84名被试的内隐自尊、外显自荨与自我防卫关系的研究结果表明:(1)外显自尊与显性自恋存在显著正相关,与隐性自恋存在显著负相关.内隐自尊与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,两种自尊对自我防卫预测作用不同.(2)内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离指标与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,提示内隐自尊与外显自尊差距越大,自我防卫水平越高.(3)内隐自尊与外显自尊分离指标与显性自恋存在显著负相关.     

心理旋转中的外部参考框架的眼动研究

采用EyelinkⅡ眼动记录仪,探讨17-38岁的被试在有外部参考框架时,心理旋转中的眼动特征.结果表明:(1)外部刺激和外部参考框架同时呈现时,内部参考框架可以随着外部参考框架的方向的变化而修正,心理旋转通过框架旋转完成;(2)外部参考框架对于旋转角度远离直立方向的心理旋转作用小于旋转角度接近直立方向的;(3)有外部参考框架时,以直立方向为准,顺时针的心理旋转与逆时针的心理旋转没有差异,旋转遵循"最短加工路径"原则.     

高二理科生物理问题创造性解决的表象特征研究

物理问题创造性解决是一个发散思维和聚合思维交替运行的过程,而表象对问题的创造性解决具有重要作用。本研究通过自编的物理问题对天津市某中学109名高二理科学生进行物理问题创造性解决测验,探讨高中理科学生物理问题创造性解决中的表象特征。验证了表象与物理问题创造性解决中的发散思维具有显著的正相关,与聚合思维无显著相关。对109名高二理科学生K聚类分析发现：物理问题解决过程中,高创造性和中等程度创造性的学生人数较少,而低创造性的学生人数较多;表象丰富性很高和较高的学生较少,表象丰富性较低的学生较多。     

《龙门心法》：修心炼性的好教材

<龙门心法>,这本书名有点像武侠小说中的武功秘笈的书,其实是王常月祖师于清康熙二年十月在金陵碧苑传戒时给戒子讲经说法的开示,由其弟子邵守善、詹守椿记录下来,共有21个专题,又名<碧苑坛经>.     

Nicotinic modulation of tone-evoked responses in auditory cortex reflects the strength of prior auditory learning

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) contribute to sensory-cognitive function, as demonstrated by evidence that nAChR activation enhances, and nAChR blockade impairs, neural processing of sensory stimuli and sensory-cognitive behavior. To better understand the relationship between nAChR function and behavior, here we compare the strength of nAChR-mediated physiology in individual animals to their prior auditory behavioral performance. Adult rats were trained on an auditory-cued, active avoidance task over 4 days and classified as “good,” “intermediate” or “poor” performers based on their initial rate of learning and eventual level of performance. Animals were then anesthetized, and tone-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) recorded in layer 4 of auditory cortex (ACx) before and after a test dose of nicotine (0.7 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline. In “good” performers, nicotine enhanced LFP amplitude and decreased response threshold to characteristic frequency (CF) stimuli, yet had opposite effects (decreased amplitude, increased threshold) on responses to spectrally distant stimuli; i.e., cortical receptive fields became more selective for CF stimuli. In contrast, nicotine had little effect on LFP amplitude in “intermediate” or “poor” performing animals. Nicotine did, however, reduce LFP onset latency in all three groups, indicating that all received an effective dose of the drug. Our findings suggest that nicotinic regulation of cortical receptive fields may be a distinguishing feature of the best-performing animals, and may facilitate sensory-related learning by enhancing receptive field selectivity.