青少年早期内化问题的稳定性及其与母亲教养的关系

通过对502名11岁城市青少年为期2年的追踪调查,考察了青少年早期内化问题发展的稳定性及母亲教养对1年后青少年内化问题的预测.结果发现:(1)青少年早期的内化问题具有较高的稳定性,与男青少年相比,女青少年保持较高的内化问题水平;(2)母亲控制惩罚教养可以正向预测1年后男青少年的内化问题,母亲温情引导可以负向预测女青少年的内化问题.青少年先前的内化问题对母亲教养与其1年后内化问题之间关系的调节作用存在性别差异:对于先前内化问题水平较高的男青少年而言,母亲较高的温情引导和控制惩罚教养正向预测其1年后的内化问题;对于先前内化问题水平较高的女青少年而言,母亲较多的温情引导则负向预测其1年后的内化问题.     

《龙门心法》：修心炼性的好教材

<龙门心法>,这本书名有点像武侠小说中的武功秘笈的书,其实是王常月祖师于清康熙二年十月在金陵碧苑传戒时给戒子讲经说法的开示,由其弟子邵守善、詹守椿记录下来,共有21个专题,又名<碧苑坛经>.     

青少年内隐自尊与自我防卫关系研究

对84名被试的内隐自尊、外显自荨与自我防卫关系的研究结果表明:(1)外显自尊与显性自恋存在显著正相关,与隐性自恋存在显著负相关.内隐自尊与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,两种自尊对自我防卫预测作用不同.(2)内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离指标与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,提示内隐自尊与外显自尊差距越大,自我防卫水平越高.(3)内隐自尊与外显自尊分离指标与显性自恋存在显著负相关.     

心理旋转中的外部参考框架的眼动研究

采用EyelinkⅡ眼动记录仪,探讨17-38岁的被试在有外部参考框架时,心理旋转中的眼动特征.结果表明:(1)外部刺激和外部参考框架同时呈现时,内部参考框架可以随着外部参考框架的方向的变化而修正,心理旋转通过框架旋转完成;(2)外部参考框架对于旋转角度远离直立方向的心理旋转作用小于旋转角度接近直立方向的;(3)有外部参考框架时,以直立方向为准,顺时针的心理旋转与逆时针的心理旋转没有差异,旋转遵循"最短加工路径"原则.     

Nicotinic modulation of tone-evoked responses in auditory cortex reflects the strength of prior auditory learning

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) contribute to sensory-cognitive function, as demonstrated by evidence that nAChR activation enhances, and nAChR blockade impairs, neural processing of sensory stimuli and sensory-cognitive behavior. To better understand the relationship between nAChR function and behavior, here we compare the strength of nAChR-mediated physiology in individual animals to their prior auditory behavioral performance. Adult rats were trained on an auditory-cued, active avoidance task over 4 days and classified as “good,” “intermediate” or “poor” performers based on their initial rate of learning and eventual level of performance. Animals were then anesthetized, and tone-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) recorded in layer 4 of auditory cortex (ACx) before and after a test dose of nicotine (0.7 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline. In “good” performers, nicotine enhanced LFP amplitude and decreased response threshold to characteristic frequency (CF) stimuli, yet had opposite effects (decreased amplitude, increased threshold) on responses to spectrally distant stimuli; i.e., cortical receptive fields became more selective for CF stimuli. In contrast, nicotine had little effect on LFP amplitude in “intermediate” or “poor” performing animals. Nicotine did, however, reduce LFP onset latency in all three groups, indicating that all received an effective dose of the drug. Our findings suggest that nicotinic regulation of cortical receptive fields may be a distinguishing feature of the best-performing animals, and may facilitate sensory-related learning by enhancing receptive field selectivity.     

Infusion of lidocaine into the dorsal hippocampus before or after the shock training phase impaired conditioned freezing in a two-phase training task of contextual fear conditioning

Learning in a contextual fear conditioning task involves forming a context representation and associating it with a shock. The dorsal hippocampus (DH) is implicated in representing the context, but whether it also has a role in associating the context and shock is unclear. To address this issue, male Wistar rats were trained on the task by a two-phase training paradigm, in which rats learned the context representation on day 1 and then reactivated it to associate with the shock on day 2; conditioned freezing was tested on day 3. Lidocaine was infused into the DH at various times in each of the two training sessions. Results showed that intra-DH infusion of lidocaine shortly before or after the context training session on day 1 impaired conditioned freezing, attesting to the DH involvement in context representation. Intra-DH infusion of lidocaine shortly before or after the shock training session on day 2 also impaired conditioned freezing. This deficit was reproduced by infusing lidocaine or APV (alpha-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) into the DH after activation of the context memory but before shock administration. The deficit was not due to drug-induced state-dependency, decreased shock sensitivity or reconsolidation failure of the contextual memory. These results suggest that in contextual fear conditioning integrity of the DH is required for memory processing of not only context representation but also context-shock association.     

高二理科生物理问题创造性解决的表象特征研究

物理问题创造性解决是一个发散思维和聚合思维交替运行的过程,而表象对问题的创造性解决具有重要作用。本研究通过自编的物理问题对天津市某中学109名高二理科学生进行物理问题创造性解决测验,探讨高中理科学生物理问题创造性解决中的表象特征。验证了表象与物理问题创造性解决中的发散思维具有显著的正相关,与聚合思维无显著相关。对109名高二理科学生K聚类分析发现：物理问题解决过程中,高创造性和中等程度创造性的学生人数较少,而低创造性的学生人数较多;表象丰富性很高和较高的学生较少,表象丰富性较低的学生较多。     

基于双眼视差的立体视觉去掩蔽效应

基于双眼视差的立体视觉不改变目标与掩蔽刺激之间的信噪比, 但能使不同的刺激被知觉在不同的深度位置上以降低目标信号所受到的掩蔽作用。本综述在总结前人双眼去掩蔽研究的基础上, 强调深度维度上的视觉注意在这种主观空间分离去掩蔽过程中所起的重要作用, 并介绍了双眼去掩蔽在现代科技领域中的典型性应用。最后, 结合听觉主观空间分离去掩蔽的研究进展, 本综述认为主观空间分离去掩蔽是大脑处理复杂刺激场景的一个基本功能。     

Fifteen Years of the Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development: A Content Analysis

The authors present the results of a content analysis of articles that were published in the Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development (JMCD) during the last 15 years. The analysis identified the leading contributors (i.e., authors, institutions) to JMCD, evaluated the content of the articles, examined the type of articles, and highlighted the particular cultural groups that were studied most frequently. Los autores presentan los resultados de un análisis de el contenido de la Revista de Consejeria y Desarrollo Multicultural (JMCD), durante los ultimos 15 años. El análisis identificó los contribuyentes más destacados (en otras palabras, los autores, las instituciones) a JMCD; examinó el tipo del articulos y subrayó los grupos culturales que se estudiaron más frecuentemente.     

Culture and perceptions of self—other similarity

In testing possible cultural effects of the use of the self as an habitual reference point to which others are compared, we expected that: (a) individualistic participants (i.e., those who give priority to personal goals) would rate self—other similarity higher when asked “How similar is X to you?” than when asked “How similar are you to X?”, whereas nondirectional similarity judgements (“How similar are these two people?”) would resemble the former directional comparison; (b) collectivistic participants (i.e., those who give priority to in‐group goals) would show a weaker or, possibly, reversed pattern, especially using in‐group comparison others. Neither hypothesis was upheld. However, the individualists perceived the in‐group to be relatively more similar to themselves as compared to the collectivists. This difference cannot be explained by response bias, status asymmetry, or role differentiation. We propose an explanation in terms of the differential relationship between self and other representations for people from collectivist versus individualist cultures.