重复电休克对大白鼠学习记忆的影响

本实验观察了生后18—19天的幼年大白鼠接受连续四周重复电休克(每天两次),到动物成年后对学习和记忆有明显的影响;电休克施加于更年幼的动物(生后14天)有更明显的影响;而施加于成年动物(生后两个月),则没有影响。这一观察在防御性和食物性两种实验方法中的结果是一致的。     

教师鼓励与学生自我期望心理品质关系的研究

对６６２名初中学生和８６名教师进行自我期望心理品质测验,探讨中学生和教师在期望与实际具有的心理品质方面存在的差异。结果表明：从总体上看,教师鼓励与学生自我期望心理品质之间差异明显,特别在独创性、好奇与冒险性方面存在显著性差异。     

习得性长时程突触增强在学习各阶段中的变化

应用慢性埋植技术以电生理学结合行为学的方法,观察大鼠海马CA_3区锥体细胞在明暗辨别反应的建立、巩固、消退和再建立的连续过程中,突触效应的变化规律。结果:在条件反应的建立过程中,产生突触效应长时程增强(LTP);在条件反应的巩固过程中,LTP继续保持;在条件反应的消退过程中,LTP消退;在条件反应的再建立过程中,再次产生LTP。而这种习得性LTP的发展和变化超前于习得性行为的产生和改变。这是在同一动物身上实现了以往多项工作的连贯性观察,表明在动物学习活动的连贯的迅速改变的各个阶段,海马CA_3区有相应的对条件性行为有制约作用的习得性LTP的发生和改变。它为论证习得性LTP可能是学习和记忆的神经基础之一,提供了新的有力证据。     

交互自然性的心理结构及其影响

本文通过3个研究探究了交互自然性的心理结构及其影响。研究1通过开展字典检索, 文献回顾和专家访谈, 得到了包含有9个条目的初始量表。研究2问卷调查了353名智能网联汽车用户, 探索性因素分析发现了两因素结构 (“通达舒畅”和“随景应人”)。后续分析表明这两个因素对满意度等关键效标有显著独特的预测作用。研究3使用新样本(n = 349) 验证了双因素模型的稳定性, 还发现这两个交互自然性体验维度对推荐意愿、忠诚感等重要变量也有显著预测作用, 此外还发现, 通达舒畅更多受到基本驾驶辅助系统等功能的影响, 而随景应人更多受到交互和智能相关功能的影响。本文进一步讨论了该量表如何用于未来的人机交互研究。     

Thanking in the times of the plague: The role of holistic thinking in meaning-making and gratitude

Two studies examined the role of holistic thinking in meaning-making and gratitude during the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlational and mediational evidence showed that participants with high holistic thinking tended to construct more meaning from the pandemic and feel grateful, compared to participants with low holistic thinking (Study 1). Experimental manipulation of holistic thinking elicited behavioral choice for books on life meaning, which predicted gratitude (Study 2). These results cannot be explained by individual differences in the perception of threat (Study 1) or distress (Studies 1–2) associated with the pandemic. They cannot be explained by demographic factors such as age or gender, or cultural constructs such as ethnicity, educational level, or religiosity (Studies 1–2). These findings push understanding forward. They strengthen interdisciplinary links, fusing positive psychology with the social cognition of thinking styles. We discuss promising directions for future research with cross-cultural implications.     

An estimating equations approach for the LISCOMP model

Maximum likelihood estimation is computationally infeasible for latent variable models involving multivariate categorical responses, in particular for the LISCOMP model. A three-stage generalized least squares approach introduced by Muthén (1983, 1984) can experience problems of instability, bias, non-convergence, and non-positive definiteness of weight matrices in situations of low prevalence, small sample size and large numbers of observed indicator variables. We propose a quadratic estimating equations approach that only requires specification of the first two moments. By performing simultaneous estimation of parameters, this method does not encounter the problems mentioned above and experiences gains in efficiency. Methods are compared through a numerical study and an application to a study of life-events and neurotic illness.The authors would like to thank Bengt Muthén for many helpful discussions and Scott Henderson for generously providing the Canberra data set. This work was supported in part by grant number GM49909 of the National Institutes of Health.     

问题解决产生式规则解决物理学问题研究

用问题解决产生式系统编制样例题和试干题,可使学生掌握样例题中所蕴含着的产生式规则,表明能在较短时间内掌握教学计划中所规定的知识内容,图式获得较快,而规则自动化有较高要求。     

认知事件相关电位P_(300)与儿童的智力水平和年龄特征

诱发电位 (EP) ,亦称事件相关电位 (ERP) ,是神经系统活动功能的电生理指标。认知事件相关电位 P3 0 0 作为反映个体大脑认知功能的神经电生理的重要指标已经被许多有关研究所采纳。本研究从神经电生理的角度 ,一方面对认知事件相关电位 P3 0 0 与儿童的智力水平的关系进行测查 ,一方面对认知事件相关电位 P3 0 0 的年龄特点进行研究 ,以期了解和说明儿童认知发展的神经电生理基础及其年龄特征。实验表明 :儿童智力水平与 P3 0 0 各成分潜伏期呈负相关 ,与反映认知功能的主要指标 P3 的负相关达到非常显著水平 (P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,与 P3 0 0 各成分的振幅基本呈正相关 ,儿童不同智力水平之间 ,其反应认知功能的主要指标 P3 的潜伏期差异非常显著。儿童青少年 P3 0 0 的各潜伏期的发展总趋势随年龄增长而下降。其中 ,P3 的潜伏期随年龄增长而下降的趋势更为明显。P3 的振幅则随年龄增长而增大。六个年龄组间 P3 0 0 各成分差异均达到非常显著水平 (P <0 .0 0 1 )。     

Personality, social support, and psychological distress in later life

A conceptual model was developed to address 2 issues that have received relatively little attention in the social support literature. First, an attempt was made to assess the interrelationships among 3 types or dimensions of supportive social relations. In addition, the impact of selected psychological and social factors on social support use was examined. Findings from a nationwide survey of older adults in the United Kingdom suggest that social contact tends to increase the amount of received support, and received support in turn tends to bolster perceptions of support availability in the future (i.e., anticipated support). With regard to the second issue, social roles (especially marital status) and social extraversion emerged as potentially important correlates of social support use in later life.