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Development and Risk Behavior Among African American, Caucasian, and Mixed-race Adolescents Living in High Poverty Inner-city Neighborhoods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bolland JM Bryant CM Lian BE McCallum DM Vazsonyi AT Barth JM 《American journal of community psychology》2007,40(3-4):230-249
Youths growing up in low-income inner-city neighborhoods are at substantial risk for initiating substance use, violent behavior, and sexual intercourse at early ages; these risk behaviors continue at comparatively high rates through adolescence. Hopelessness has been implicated as a risk factor for these behaviors. In this paper, we consider how race influences this process. African Americans form a demographic minority within the United States, but they are often the majority within inner-city neighborhoods. For Caucasians, the opposite typically holds. Mixed-race populations form a minority within both contexts. Using longitudinal data, we examine the relationship between race and risk behaviors in several impoverished inner-city neighborhoods where African Americans form the distinct majority and Caucasians and people of mixed racial heritage form a small minority. We also consider how race moderates the relationship between hopelessness and risk behavior. Our findings show that compared to Caucasian or mixed-race adolescents, African American adolescents are less likely to engage in risk behaviors, and that hopelessness has a less important impact on their behaviors. 相似文献
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中国管理者隐性知识的结构及相关研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
该研究以Sternberg的隐性知识理论为基础,目的在于探讨中国背景下管理者隐性知识的结构,探讨隐性知识与经验、认知能力的关系以及隐性知识对绩效的预测作用。经修订研究所采用的Sternberg等人开发的管理者隐性知识量表有较好的信效度,验证性因素分析得出中国背景下的管理者隐性知识是一个二阶三因素结构。相关分析表明,管理者隐性知识与管理经验显著相关,而与工作年限以及逻辑推理能力无显著相关。分别以管理者自评绩效和其参加的评价中心测评结果作为效标,分层回归分析发现管理他人的隐性知识在一般认知能力之外对管理潜力、任务和周边绩效均有递增预测效度,管理自我的隐性知识在一般认知能力之外对周边绩效也有递增预测效度。 相似文献
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Baddeley和Hitch(1974)提出的工作记忆模型被广泛地应用数学运算领域,但是已有研究还缺乏系统性。首先,当前的研究主要集中在加法和乘法两种运算上,较少涉及减法、除法和更为抽象的代数运算;第二,研究者对语音环路和中央执行系统的作用进行了较深入的研究,但常常忽略视空间模板的作用;第三,工作记忆在数学运算过程中的作用具有动态性,它受到一些外部因素、数学任务内在因素和个体认知因素(如认知策略)的影响;第四,几乎有关研究都肯定中央执行系统在数学运算过程中的重要作用,然而负荷于中央执行系统的次级任务所含成分或功能的复杂性,导致我们很难确定中央执行系统如何作用于数学运算。对这些问题的研究将是未来可能的研究方向 相似文献
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通过抑制组和控制组之间性别刻板印象的IAT的结果对比进行实验。研究表明:抑制策略的干预效果相当的明显,刻板印象的内隐效应在明显地减弱;在性别刻板印象上存在内隐效应,而且没有性别差异;内隐刻板印象是根深蒂固的,在内隐的和无意识的水平上抑制无法完全消除刻板印象;我们设计的性别刻板印象的IAT是可行的;要彻底消除刻板印象,改变社会本身、改变文化环境也许是一个最艰苦和最好的办法。 相似文献
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Although researchers have theorized that there exists a curvilinear relationship between job performance and voluntary turnover, their research has been tested in the United States or culturally similar Switzerland. Through a study of the performance-turnover relationship from a multinational service-oriented organization in 24 countries, we demonstrate that the general relationship between performance and turnover is similar across countries but the details of that relationship change across countries. Using 4 cultural dimensions--in-group collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and performance orientation--we find that cultural factors alter the overall probability of voluntary turnover and influence the degree of curvilinearity in the performance-turnover relationship. Our findings have implications for research on the performance-turnover relationship, turnover research, and practice. 相似文献
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The interaction between a dislocation and an elliptical hole in icosahedral quasicrystals is considered. An explicit expression for the complex potential is derived using the extended Stroh formalism. Based on the conformal mapping method and a perturbation technique, closed-form solutions are obtained. The field intensity factors at a crack tip and the image forces on the dislocation arising from the crack are calculated. The effects of phonon–phason elastic coupling on the mechanical behavior are also observed. 相似文献
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Shiew Wei Lau Terence Peng Lian Tan Suk Meng Goh 《Science and engineering ethics》2013,19(3):1357-1373
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of a newly developed design game called BLOCKS to stimulate awareness of ethical responsibilities amongst engineering students. The design game was played by seventeen teams of chemical engineering students, with each team having to arrange pieces of colored paper to produce two letters each. Before the end of the game, additional constraints were introduced to the teams such that they faced similar ambiguity in the technical facts that the engineers involved in the Challenger disaster had faced prior to the space shuttle launch. At this stage, the teams had to decide whether to continue with their original design or to develop alternative solutions. After the teams had made their decisions, a video of the Challenger explosion was shown followed by a post-game discussion. The students’ opinion on five Statements on ethics was tracked via a Five-Item Likert survey which was administered three times, before and after the ethical scenario was introduced, and after the video and post-game discussion. The results from this study indicated that the combination of the game and the real-life incident from the video had generally strengthened the students’ opinions of the Statements. 相似文献
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该研究以性别职业刻板印象和自我-职业刻板印象的内隐联想测验(IAT)为实验材料和测量工具.通过提供反刻板印象信息为干预策略进行实验。研究表明:职业一性别刘板印象和职业一自我刻板印象层次不同,在总体上具有显著的相关;大学生在职业-性别刻板印象和职业一自我刻板印象上都存在极其显著的内隐效应,女大学生显示极强的内隐职业一自我刻板印象;在职业-自我刻板印象上,反刻板印象信息具有显著的干预作用,对男大学生的干预作用比对女大学生的大;在内隐水平上反刻板印象信息只能部分消除刻板印象;设计的[AT纸笔测验版本是可行的;在学校教育中渗透性别平等教育将是十分必要的和可行的。 相似文献