抑制能力与工作记忆能量的相关研究

采用汉字材料的负启动范式,考察了大学生和老年人被试的特性和空间位置抑制能力,及其与工作记忆能量的相关。结果发现：位置抑制能力与工作记忆能量无显著相关,而特性抑制能力与工作记忆能量存在正相关。说明个体的分心抑制能力是影响其工作记忆能量的重要因素。但工作记忆的年龄差异可能还受分心抑制之外其它认知因素的影响。     

略论智力测验发展的现状与趋势

智力是心理学的重要研究领域之一,智力测验的发展也有近百年的历史。受智力理论和测验理论发展的影响,当代智力测验的发展呈现出一些新特点和新趋向。     

A comparison of never-hospitalized and previously hospitalized adolescents: self-esteem and locus of control.

Few empirical studies have been conducted to determine the influence of hospitalization on adolescents' psychosocial processes because younger children are regarded as more vulnerable. Therefore, the purpose of this self-report, retrospective study of 115 adolescents was to compare the self-esteem and locus of control of the never hospitalized to that of adolescents hospitalized during adolescence, prior to adolescence, and during and prior to adolescence. Although no significant differences were found, the findings raise questions about long-term effects of early experiences, especially among lower socioeconomic status youth. Also, general measures of self-esteem and locus of control may be unable to determine situation-specific effects.     

THE JUSTIFIED SCOUNDREL: THE STRUCTURAL GENESIS OF CORRUPTION

"It's more important to look honest than it is to get anything done."
Municipal Agency Commissioner in New York City; Interview, 1991     

A Critically Appreciative Valuation of Social Constructionist Contributions to Organizational Science

Modernist approaches to research in the social sciences dominate academia, including much of organization science. Discovery through reason, observation, and analysis are the quintessential modernist quests. However, this reductionist approach to essentialize the social through the usage of language, a product of culture with its inevitable entanglement with cultural ideology, values, sensibility, intelligibility, and history, is akin to capturing a moving target on shifting grounds. Positing social constructionism as an alternative, we explain it has revolutionalized the social sciences and organization science alike; offer an array of social constructionist inquiry methodologies to fuel generative possibilities for organization research; compare and contrast modernist and social constructionist organization theories, research methodologies and assumptive metaphors to accentuate the textual and dialogic potential social constructionism brings to organization science; and conclude with creative ways social constructionism can realize actionable knowledge through co-creation among communities.     

Physiological and psychological impacts on male medical interns during on-call duty

This study aimed to explore the physiological and psychological impacts on male medical interns during on-call duty (OCD). A prospective study of 13 medical interns was carried out using repeated testing during an on-call internal medicine and a duty-free course. There are 10 OCDs per month and each duty is composed of 33.5 consecutive work hours followed by 2 duty-free days for a time period of 3 months. Spectral analysis of R-R intervals was performed to evaluate the participants' heart rate variability. Among the three main spectral components distinguished, a high-frequency (HF) component of 0.15-0.4 Hz and a low-frequency component (LF) of 0.04-0.15 Hz were analyzed. The ratio of LF and HF (LF/HF) was also calculated. Reduced LF/HF, which suggests reduced cardiac sympathetic modulation, was found during duty night work. Increased HF was identified during the first sleep after OCD, which corresponded to the sleepiness scales. The OCD causes temporary emotional influence by the findings of higher anxiety and depression scores. In addition, inattention and impulsiveness, as represented by the continuous performance test score and lower nocturnal sympathetic modulation, were found, which indicated the differences between the internal medicine course and duty-free course. Our study suggests that 10 stressful on-call duties monthly result in reduced sympathetic modulation during duty night work, high anxiety and depression state, and a persistent inattention.     

Life Satisfaction in China, 2010–2018: Trends and Unique Determinants

Applied Research in Quality of Life - This study is one of the first to explore the 5 waves of the China Family Panel Studies data from 2010 to 2018, assessing determinants of life satisfaction...     

Success and the aftermath of surrender

This paper first argues that a state can justifiably fight a hopeless war of self-defense when its enemy determines to massacre its people after it surrenders or is defeated. The main reason is that, in this situation, even if the victim state surrenders, it still has to suffer from harms that are similar to or worse than the harms involved in fighting a hopeless war. This paper then discusses some complicated issues raised by applying this argument to various situations in which the victims of war and the victims of massacre are not identical. I argue that, when the victims of massacre are randomly chosen, the victim state can justifiably fight such a war. When the victims of massacre belong to a specific group of people, the victim state should not fight such a war, even though the victims of massacre can defend themselves. This paper finally comments on an alternative approach to addressing the same issue.     

Validity and internal consistency reliability of a computerized test to assess prone extension in children ages four to six years

The objective of this study was to develop a computerized test of prone extension to measure performance of prone extension in children 4 to 6 years of age. The participants were selected from kindergartens, comprising 132 boys and 107 girls with a mean age of 5 yr. 2 mo. (SD = 6 mo.). Sensitivity and specificity of the computerized test of prone extension were assessed by comparison with the judgments of an expert, an occupational therapist with more than 20 yr. of pediatric experience, as the criterion standard. The computerized test of prone extension identified children with poor outcomes with a sensitivity of 0.83, a specificity of 0.88, and an accuracy of 0.87. The internal reliability index was 0.81. The computerized test of prone extension could be of value in detecting problems of antigravity posture in prone extension and permitting early intervention to correct it.     

Is more similar,better? Interacting effect of the cognitive‐style congruency and tacitness of knowledge on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protégé dyad

This study explored the effects of cognitive‐style congruency on knowledge transfer in the mentor–protégé dyadic relationship and the moderating effect of tacitness of knowledge in this relationship. Using data from 148 sales personnel dyads, we found that the more congruent the cognitive style between a mentor and a protégé, the more effective the knowledge transfer between them. Moreover, the tacitness of knowledge moderated this association as expected. When the knowledge to be transferred was organized, systematic, and clear, this positive relationship was weakened. This relationship was particularly strong when the knowledge to be transferred was tacit, ambiguous, and unclear.