大学生优秀辩手与非辩手的非形式推理能力比较

为考察大学生优秀辩手与非辩手非形式推理能力的差异,运用"提示访谈法"对大学生中的优秀辩手与非辩手的普通大学生进行了比较研究。结果表明:大多数优秀辩手达到间接反驳推理水平,而多数非辩手处在直接反驳推理水平。优秀辩手不论在功能性和条件性理由的数量上,还是在理由领域广度上都显著优于普通大学生。在反驳式推理过程中,优秀辩手的间接反驳次数显著多于非辩手。研究表明大学生优秀辩手的非形式推理能力显著优于非辩手。     

中国社会风险解析——群体性事件的社会冲突性质

群体性事件是我国社会冲突的主要表现形式,无论是客观数据还是主观感知,都显示中国已经处于一个社会冲突事件的高发期.当前,我国社会冲突的主要类型是经济型的直接冲突与社会型的间接冲突.社会冲突在总体上是上升的;冲突的风险源清晰;冲突的主体为利益受损群体与利益获得群体;冲突的性质以经济领域的利益性冲突为主,具有可协调性;冲突的强度与烈度有加剧的趋势;冲突矛盾呈复杂性,处理的社会成本升高;群体性事件开始作为"弱者的武器"被普遍地使用;对社会冲突事件开始由封闭的、僵硬的内部处置到开放的、弹性的公开处理.     

中国古代勤俭思想的发展

勤俭作为中华民族几千年来一脉相承的传统美德,除了勤劳节俭的基本含义外,其具体内涵并不是凝固不变的,而是随着时代与实践的发展在不断地丰富与发展.本文从思想与社会互动的视角,梳理勤俭思想在古代社会形成与发展的基本轨迹,揭示它在不同社会历史阶段的独特内容与鲜明特征.     

经肛直肠癌切除术的应用现状

在严格选择适应证的条件下,经肛直肠癌切除术是治疗早期低位直肠癌的可选术式之一。相比于直肠癌前切除术和经腹会阴切除术,经肛切除术具有创伤小,并发症少等特点。关于经肛切除术后的局部复发率以及综合治疗对经肛切除术治愈能力的影响尚存在争议。本文将对经肛切除术做一系统的回顾。     

希波克拉底文集的思想史解读

希波克拉底文集奠定了希波克拉底学派治疗的流程和标准,规范了职业道德和准则,通过与其他医学流派的竞争与合作,逐渐为社会所接受.文集的编撰成为其取得社会认同的标志.作为一种思维方式的希波克拉底学派医学,与其他思维方式不同,认清差异,有助于深入理解其医学思想.     

解读2009年GINA——5岁及5岁以下儿童哮喘诊断与管理

2009年5月,全球哮喘防治创议组织（GINA）发布了“Global Strategy for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in Children 5 Years and Younger（5岁及5岁以下儿童哮喘诊断和管理的全球策略”。这是由GINA执行委员会所组织的儿科专家组,根据当前所能得到的循证医学证据为基础,并且考虑到5岁及5岁以下儿童哮喘管理所面临的特殊挑战（包括诊断困难、药物和药物输出装置的有效性和安全性、缺乏在该年龄段新疗法的数据等）,专门针对这个年龄组的儿童,所提出的哮喘诊断和管理方面的报告。     

心肌保护新靶点——线粒体钙激活钾通道研究进展

心肌缺血再灌注损伤与线粒体有密切的关系。其中,位于线粒体的钾通道受到了人们的广泛关注。除了已被许多研究证明的线粒体ATP敏感钾通道参与心肌缺血再灌注的保护作用外,近年来研究发现的线粒体内膜钙激活钾通道也参与心肌保护作用,而国内相关研究报道很少。本文拟就心肌细胞线粒体上的钙激活钾通道结构、生物学特性和心脏缺血再灌注中的心肌保护作用进行简要阐述。     

An effect size index for comparing two independent alpha coefficients

Since Cronbach proposed the α coefficient in 1951, researchers have contributed to the derivation of its sampling distribution and the testing of related statistical hypotheses. Yet, there has been no research on effect size index relevant to coefficient α to our knowledge. Considering the importance of effect size in understanding quantitative research findings, we therefore developed an effect size index Δ for the comparison of two independent αs with equal test length based on the asymptotic distribution of under the assumptions of normality and compound symmetry. Simulations indicated that the index was applicable when the sample size was at least 100. The robustness of the derived index when the required assumptions were violated was also explored. It is suggested that the index should be applicable in most cases of unequal test lengths and could be extended to non‐normally distributed component scores. Moreover, a small simulation was conducted to explore the behaviour of Δ with correlated errors, a frequently studied situation violating the assumption of compound symmetry. The proposed index was found to be robust unless a large number of highly correlated errors were present in the data.     

The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from eye movements

In the present study, we examined the time course of semantic and syntactic processing when Chinese is read. Readers’ eye movements were monitored, and the relation between a single-character critical word and the sentence context was manipulated such that three kinds of sentences were developed: (1) congruent, (2) those with a semantic violation, and (3) those with both a semantic and a syntactic violation. The eye movement data showed that the first-pass reading times were significantly longer for the target region in the two violation conditions than in the congruent condition. Moreover, the semantic + syntactic violation caused more severe disruption than did the pure semantic violation, as reflected by longer first-pass reading times for the target region and by longer go-past times for the target region and posttarget region in the former than in the latter condition. These results suggest that the effects of, at least, a semantic violation can be detected immediately by Chinese readers and that the processing of syntactic and semantic information is distinct in both first-pass and second-pass reading.