从概念界定角度看控制感研究中的问题

在目前关于“控制感”的研究中,概念界定一直是困扰许多研究者的问题。研究从控制源、自我效能感两个概念出发,阐述控制感概念与两者之间存在区别,包含更多的内容,提出控制感概念界定可以从方向和强度上予以考虑,并将控制感定义为：个体相信自己能够影响事件地进行而获得所期望结果的程度,而且这种影响是由个体自己而非外界的因素来决定的。概念的清晰界定对于今后控制感的测量和理论发展有着较大的益处。     

感恩：积极心理研究的新领域

感恩有助于增强个人的生活幸福感、促进人与人之间的交往,有益于社会生活。随着积极心理学研究的深入,感恩也逐渐受到了国外学者的关注,研究也取得了一定的成果.论文介绍了感恩的界定、测量及其相关因素.提出了在中国文化背景下研究感恩和将感恩研究应用于实践的建议。     

Exploring students' prospective memory inside and outside the lab

This study compared activity-based intentions with event- and time-based intentions. Forty-five participants completed a laboratory session that tested activity-, event-, and time-based prospective memory. Participants were then asked to keep a record of their planned academic and work-related activities for 1 week. Results revealed a main effect of context such that participants were better at performing intentions in the naturalistic setting than in the laboratory. A strong trend of intention type showed that event-based tasks were more likely to be performed than activity- and time-based tasks. An interaction of context and intention type suggested that participants were significantly better at performing time-based tasks in the naturalistic setting than in the lab. Nearly half of the participants reported using simple memory aids such as alarm clocks, parent or friend reminders, or other external cues. Strikingly, very few reported using electronic devices to aid their memory for future intentions.     

SEM of another flavour: Two new applications of the supplemented EM algorithm

The supplemented EM (SEM) algorithm is applied to address two goodness‐of‐fit testing problems in psychometrics. The first problem involves computing the information matrix for item parameters in item response theory models. This matrix is important for limited‐information goodness‐of‐fit testing and it is also used to compute standard errors for the item parameter estimates. For the second problem, it is shown that the SEM algorithm provides a convenient computational procedure that leads to an asymptotically chi‐squared goodness‐of‐fit statistic for the ‘two‐stage EM’ procedure of fitting covariance structure models in the presence of missing data. Both simulated and real data are used to illustrate the proposed procedures.     

Computing inter‐rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement

Pi (π) and kappa (κ) statistics are widely used in the areas of psychiatry and psychological testing to compute the extent of agreement between raters on nominally scaled data. It is a fact that these coefficients occasionally yield unexpected results in situations known as the paradoxes of kappa. This paper explores the origin of these limitations, and introduces an alternative and more stable agreement coefficient referred to as the AC₁ coefficient. Also proposed are new variance estimators for the multiple‐rater generalized π and AC₁ statistics, whose validity does not depend upon the hypothesis of independence between raters. This is an improvement over existing alternative variances, which depend on the independence assumption. A Monte‐Carlo simulation study demonstrates the validity of these variance estimators for confidence interval construction, and confirms the value of AC₁ as an improved alternative to existing inter‐rater reliability statistics.     

How goal instrumentality shapes relationship evaluations

Findings from 6 experiments support the hypothesis that relationship evaluations and behavioral tendencies are goal dependent, reflecting the instrumentality of significant others for the self's progress toward currently active goals. Experiments 1 and 3 found that active goals can automatically bring to mind significant others who are instrumental for the activated goal, heightening their accessibility relative to noninstrumental others. Experiments 2-5 found that active goals cause individuals to evaluate instrumental others more positively, draw closer to them, and approach them more readily, compared with noninstrumental others. Experiment 6 found that people who engage in goal-dependent interpersonal evaluations are more successful, receiving higher grades. Implications for understanding the social nature of self-regulation and the impact of personal goals on interpersonal relationships are discussed.     

西非的苏非主义:历史、现状与新苏非教团

本文讨论了伊斯兰教苏非主义在西非的历史与现状,社会功能与最新发展趋势.首先探讨卡迪里教团和提加尼教团在西非的发展过程,认为以这两个苏非教团为代表的苏非主义主导了近代以来西非的伊斯兰教;其次,苏非主义与西非的政治关系密切,西非现代政治背后也有明显的苏非主义因素;第三,20世纪中期以来,西非苏非主义面临着更为复杂的宗教政治环境,瓦哈比主义的到来与世俗民族主义思潮对其构成一定的挑战,但是新苏非主义的发展趋向继续成为破解困局的手段.     

玉门吾艾斯拱北的历史解读

吾艾斯于唐初来华传教和病逝于路途的事迹为我国穆斯林世代传颂的佳话,其事迹传说具有一定可信度,至少有历史的影子在里面.在中国西北广大穆斯林中,对玉门吾艾斯及其拱北有着极大的认同感;但今天重要的不在于这种"历史记忆"完全真实,而在于长期以来其民族和群体成员集体赋予它的象征意义和文化内涵;在于其民族溯源和群体认同中的特殊功能.作为历史文化遗产,玉门惠回堡拱北应该受到学术界和社会各界的进一步关注.     

舍斯托夫对哲学定义的理解

哲学是什么？胡塞尔认为哲学是反思,俄罗斯宗教哲学家舍斯托夫却认为哲学是一种斗争。实际上,这是理性哲学思维和圣经思维的对立。理性哲学思维基于人是“理性的人”的认识,通过“逻辑”的手段来寻找事物背后的根据,哲学是“爱智慧”。圣经思维却从人是“神性的人”出发,把“雷霆和闪电”作为自己的“逻辑”,把哲学当作“生死事业”,因而哲学是斗争。舍斯托夫对理性哲学思维进行了抨击,他对哲学定义的理解是基于俄罗斯宗教存在哲学的立场。     

中国政治过程中的利益集团及其治理

在现实中国政治中,利益集团已经是不容回避的显性政治力量,执政党也明确提出利益"表达权"问题.因此,利益集团是研究中国政治过程的一个重要切入点.本文就中国利益集团的类型、政治角色、影响,如何治理利益集团进行了分析,并提出需要进一步研究的若干问题.本文发现,作为市场经济的必然产物,利益集团在政治过程中既有积极的利益表达作用,也因为表达结构不均衡而导致非均衡性利益分配,因此需要国家的矫正.