经济法试题DIF的参数法检测研究

该研究基于项目反应理论的Samejima等级反应模型(GRM),在MULTILOG软件支持下,应用参数检测方法,对某年度全国性资格考试的某科目试卷中经济法部分的21个项目做了DIF检测分析。结果如下:存在性别DIF的项目一个,存在民族DIF的项目四个,存在工作性质DIF的项目一个。其中项目68在民族层面上表现为一致性DIF,项目64既存在民族DIF又存在工作性质DIF。通过对项目统计量、反应曲线的分析和专家的讨论,文章最后还分析了产生这些DIF的几个可能的原因。     

晚清新教传教士的中国佛教观

十九世纪下半叶,来华新教传教士群体发生很大变化,他们对待中国宗教文化的态度上也趋于多元。艾约瑟、艾德、毕尔、丁韪良、李提摩太、苏慧廉等几位具有自由思想的晚清新教传教士,试图一次次跳出传统佛教观的范式以及对中国佛教进行套语式的描述,开诚布公地去充分认知中国佛教这个“他者”。佛教词典的编撰、佛教经典的英译出版,标志着他们对中国佛教研究已经达到一个新阶段。不管他们最初的动机怎样,客观上都促进了中国佛教文化的西传以及西方汉学的发展,增进了中西宗教文化的对话与交流。以今日的眼光去评价他们的著述,不难发现其中的缺失,但无论如何,他们是西方学界了解中国佛教的先驱学者。     

家庭教育两例

例一:A小朋友在上幼儿园大班的时候,从邻居的一些大孩子那里学到了一些他自己根本不懂什么意思的灰色童谣,如“上学苦,上学累,上学还要交学     

新闻道德缺失的诱因分析

在信息化时代和政治民主化的进程中,媒体作为与国家的行政、立法、司法并列的"第四种权力",对社会成员思想和行为的影响力,已成为不争的事实,由之也凸显出对新闻道德缺失诱因分析的重要性.新闻道德的缺失有六大诱因:新闻媒体生存的经济价值与社会功能的思想价值的矛盾性、媒体的自由性与责任性的制度缺位、人性的低俗性与新闻媒体的媚俗性、新闻媒体利益寻租的便档、新闻的时效性与真实性的矛盾以及新闻媒体的舆论监督与平衡性的矛盾.     

生存论向度的技术伦理前提及其建构

技术伦理涉及价值观基础、道德规范、技术主体的责任等诸多问题.无论是传统的元伦理学、情感主义伦理学、规范伦理学还是所谓的实用伦理学,都只是从某一个维度上或在某一个层面上来阐述伦理问题,从而在一定程度上表现为对于人的生存价值的背离和对发展合理性的伦理诉求的缺失,这样就使技术伦理研究本身在某种程度上失去了应有的合理性.在合理性上,技术伦理研究不能脱离开对技术本质属性的认识和基本的理论前提.从生存论的向度审视,生存价值才是伦理的内在价值基础,而发展的合理性才是技术伦理建构的基本逻辑支点.只有在此基础上,技术伦理才能实现合理的建构.     

交通伦理学:研究现状与前景展望

目前关于交通伦理的研究尚处于关注具体问题的各论性初级研究阶段,其研究的基本思路是:以"人本原则"引申出的"安全"、"便捷"、"公正"、"舒适"、"生态"原则为价值向度,对交通主体之间、客体之间、交通主客体之间多方面的伦理关系及其矛盾冲突进行理性的审视、质疑、评判,论证,寻求伦理权衡机制与解困的共识,从而为交通从冲突走向和谐提供伦理导向与支持.     

论中国传统家庭伦理的主导精神

家族利益至上的整体主义是传统家庭伦理的主导精神和基本价值取向.从一定意义上来说,传统家庭及其道德生活的贵和、重礼特征,均是由家族利益至上的整体主义派生或引申而来的,它们在中国人以往的家庭道德生活中共同发挥着重要作用.     

伪科学基本问题辨析

一、伪科学的定义1.侧重欺骗性的定义《现代汉语词典》对"伪科学"条目的解释是:"指违背客观规律,冒充科学理论用以骗人的错误的知识体系。"①张培林说:"什么是伪科学?伪科学是指用伪证装扮成科学的各种反科学的东西。     

Metaplastic effect of apamin on LTP and paired-pulse facilitation

In area CA1 of hippocampal slices, a single 1-sec train of 100-Hz stimulation generally triggers a short-lasting long-term potentiation (S-LTP) of 1–2 h. Here, we found that when such a train was applied 45 min after application of the small conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ (SK) channel blocker apamin, it induced a long-lasting LTP (L-LTP) of several hours, instead of an S-LTP. Apamin-induced SK channel blockage is known to resist washing. Nevertheless, the aforementioned effect is not a mere delayed effect; it is metaplastic. Indeed, when a single train was delivered to the Schaffer’s collaterals during apamin application, it induced an S-LTP, like in the control situation. At the moment of this LTP induction (15th min of apamin application), the SK channel blockage was nevertheless complete. Indeed, at that time, under the influence of apamin, the amplitude of the series of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) triggered by a stimulation train was increased. We found that the metaplastic effect of apamin on LTP was crucially dependent on the NO-synthase pathway, whereas the efficacy of the NMDA receptors was not modified at the time of its occurrence. We also found that apamin produced an increase in paired-pulse facilitation not during, but after, the application of the drug. Finally, we found that the induction of each of these two metaplastic phenomena was mediated by NMDA receptors. A speculative unitary hypothesis to explain these phenomena is proposed.     

Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause long-term effects on cognitive functions in offspring. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, believed to be the mechanism underlying certain types of learning and memory, and known to be sensitive to behavioral stress, can be changed by prenatal stress. Whether enriched environment treatment (EE) in early postnatal periods can cause a recovery from these deficits is unknown. Experimental animals were Wistar rats. Prenatal stress was evoked by 10 foot shocks (0.8 mA for 1s, 2-3 min apart) in 30 min per day at gestational day 13-19. After weaning at postnatal day 22, experimental offspring were given the enriched environment treatment through all experiments until tested (older than 52 days age). Electrophysiological and Morris water maze testing was performed at 8 weeks of age. The results showed that prenatal stress impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region in the slices. Furthermore, prenatal stress exacerbated the effects of acute stress on hippocampal LTP and LTD, and also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. However, all these deficits induced by prenatal stress were recovered by enriched environment treatment. This work observes a phenomenon that may contribute to the understanding of clinically important interactions among cognitive deficit, prenatal stress and enriched environment treatment. Enriched environment treatment on early postnatal periods may be one potentially important target for therapeutic interventions in preventing the prenatal stress-induced cognitive disorders.