Effects of a high salt diet on blood pressure responses to acoustic stimuli in borderline hypertensive rats (BHR)

The borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) responds to environmental and dietary stressors with elevated blood pressure. The first two months of a high salt diet appear to be the time of greatest sensitivity to salt effects on the blood pressure of BHR. The current study was conducted to examine whether exposure to salt diets varying in duration for up to two months differentially affects baseline blood pressures (systolic, SBP, and diastolic, DBP) and blood pressure responses to novel acoustic stimuli in BHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Male BHR and WKY were fed a control (1%) salt diet or a high (8%) salt diet for 1, 1.5, 2.5, or 8.5 weeks. SBP and DBP responses to an acoustic stimulus (85 dB, 3 kHz) were measured upon completion of the diets at 12 weeks of age. Ten acoustic trials (one stimulus/minute) were presented and blood pressure responses were recorded in 2-second blocks spanning the 10 seconds prior to and following stimulus presentation. BHR had higher resting SBP and DBP than WKY, and 8.5 weeks of 8 percent salt increased SBP markedly in BHR. SBP and DBP labilities in the initial trial were greater in BHR than WKY with high salt diet durations of 2.5 and 8.5 weeks producing greater lability in later trials. Few differences were noted in pressor responses, but BHR had more dramatic depressor responses than WKY in early trials, and BHR pressures had a more dramatic return to baseline. It appears that genetic history and salt diet can affect blood pressure lability and recovery in response to novel stimuli in genetically susceptible animals.     

汉语字谜原型激活中的情绪促进效应

采用先学习原型字谜、接着进行正负情绪诱导、然后再进行靶字谜测验的三阶段实验设计,探讨了不同诱发情绪状态对汉语字谜原型激活的影响。结果发现,在本实验条件下：难度高的靶字谜的测试中没有发现正负诱发情绪状态对汉语字谜原型激活的不同影响;但是,在难度中等的靶字谜的测试中,诱发的正面情绪状态对汉语字谜原型激活有显著促进作用,而诱发的负面情绪状态与控制组相比对汉语字谜原型激活没有显著影响。性别变量在两种实验条件下都没有显著主效应     

理解评估与成绩预测：两种不同的元理解监测形式

探讨理解评估与成绩预测与各种强化元理解监测线索的认知任务的关系。结果发现,理解评估与成绩预测的判断值偏离标准测验成绩的程度受监测线索强化方式的调节;主动强化监测线索比被动强化更能提高理解评估和成绩预测的精确性;精确的理解评估或成绩预测所需的线索不同,利用同一线索评估理解或预测成绩,其精确性也不同。这一结果挑战了元理解监测的一维观,表明理解评估与成绩预测涵盖了元理解监测不同方面的心理特征     

阅读潘菽

为纪念潘菽先生诞辰110周年(2007)和逝世20周年(2008),中国科学院心理研究所、中国心理学会和人民教育出版社联合编辑出版了<潘菽全集>.     

以自尊为中介因素的完美主义与抑郁的关系研究

以679名初中学生为研究对象,采用近乎完美量表修订版、自尊量表以及BDI抑郁问卷对被试进行集体施测,以探讨自尊对完美主义和抑郁关系的中介效应。结果表明：自尊部分中介适应不良完美主义和抑郁的关系,对适应良好完美主义与抑郁的关系没有中介作用。培养完美主义者的较高水平的自尊非常重要。     

进化观点下的智力研究

综述了进化心理学探讨智力所取得的研究成果,内容包括智力的起源（如进化环境与智力的关系）、进化心理学视角下智力的分类。同时,该文认为一般智力是一种特殊的认知模块,即专门智力。最后,讨论了对智力进行进化心理学研究的重要意义与未来研究取向。     

学习策略在思维风格与数学学业成就关系中的中介效应研究

以227名大学二年级理科生为被试,采用问卷调查法,探讨了学习策略在思维风格与数学学业成就关系中的作用。结果表明：（1）认知策略、元认知策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就关系中起完全中介的作用,而资源管理策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就间的中介效应不显著。（2）认知策略、元认知策略在整体性风格与数学学业成就关系中起部分中介的作用,而资源管理策略在整体性风格与数学学业成就间的中介效应不显著。（3）认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略在开放性风格与数学学业成就关系中起部分中介的作用。（4）元认知策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就间的中介作用以及在开放性风格与数学学业成就间的中介作用都是相对较大的。     

Disclosure of HIV status is a family matter: field notes from China.

This study examines the role that family plays in disclosure of HIV-AIDS in China. In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 individuals living with HIV-AIDS infected through different routes. The vast majority of participants were between the ages of 20 and 39 years old (93.4%) and about a third (36.7%) were women. Two primary disclosure processes, involuntary and voluntary, are described. In both processes, family members other than the patient are usually the first to know HIV status. Positive impacts of disclosure include strengthening family relations and help with medical care and counseling, whereas negative impacts include fear, isolation, avoidance, and psychological burden. This study illustrates that family is an intricate part of the disclosure process in China and demonstrates the importance of including families in HIV-AIDS interventions.     

儿童执行功能对数学能力的预测模型

使用数点数广度任务(C-span)、Stroop任务、威斯康星卡片分类任务(WCST)测查儿童的执行功能,用《小学儿童数学能力测查量表》(一年级)、《韦克斯勒儿童智力测量》分别测查儿童的数学能力和智力,对64名小学一年级儿童的执行功能(抑制、转换、刷新)和数学能力的关系进行了研究,相关分析和回归分析发现,数学能力与执行功能任务测量都有显著相关,抑制、转换和刷新都分别对数学能力存在显著回归效应;在此基础上,建立了执行功能及其对儿童数学能力的预测模型。结果表明,抑制控制、转换和刷新都能对数学能力产生直接影响,但抑制控制还通过转换和刷新对数学能力产生间接影响。说明儿童数学能力的认知差异,主要在于抑制控制能力的差异,而抑制控制的差异又导致转换和刷新能力表现的差异。     

英国新马克思主义的哲学探索

英国新马克思主义者站在时代的前沿,对马克思主义的传统理论命题,经济基础与上层建筑、社会主体、意识形态等问题进行了全新的解读,在此基础上,形成了一种独具特色的马克思主义文化理论阐释模式,并在当今世界上日益彰显出优越的价值。