Biocultural orchestration of developmental plasticity across levels: the interplay of biology and culture in shaping the mind and behavior across the life span

The author reviews reemerging coconstructive conceptions of development and recent empirical findings of developmental plasticity at different levels spanning several fields of developmental and life sciences. A cross-level dynamic biocultural coconstructive framework is endorsed to understand cognitive and behavioral development across the life span. This framework integrates main conceptions of earlier views into a unifying frame, viewing the dynamics of life span development as occurring simultaneously within different time scales (i.e., moment-to-moment microgenesis, life span ontogeny, and human phylogeny) and encompassing multiple levels (i.e., neurobiological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural). Viewed through this metatheoretical framework, new insights of potential interfaces for reciprocal cultural and experiential influences to be integrated with behavioral genetics and cognitive neuroscience research can be more easily prescribed.     

从智力的三元理论到成功智力:是对IQ的再次超越吗?

本文以智力的约定性为立论,把超越界定为智力的约定性的广度、深度和效度的大幅度提高。将斯腾伯格对智力的研究放到智力理论研究的历史过程中,对斯腾伯格的三元智力理论及成功智力理论对IQ的超越做了分析。指出传统IQ是学业差异约定,三元智力是多元权变约定,成功智力是人生成功约定,后者都是对前者的超越,成功智力是对IQ的再次超越。最后尝试性地提出智力约定性的“树”的隐喻。本文对智力理论的研究和教育实践有参考价值。     

认知老化模型的研究

以２３２名２０－７９岁成人为被试和５项认知能力测验为指标,应用结构方程建模方法建立了认知老化模型。     

心算活动机制的研究

心算是一种重要的思维活动,是认知心理学的研究主题之一,心算活动具有明显的问题大小效应,其加工过程与工作记忆和长时记忆存在密切关第。此外,对心算的加工机制进行跨学科的综合研究,是今后心算研究的主要方向。     

西方人格理论的人性观

本文指出西方人格理论实际上是研究者建构的对人性的图解或模式,并对莱波曼的“人性的基本宗旨”加以改造,从五个维度对西方的四大主要人格理论的人性观作了剖析,指出：建立一个更加合乎现实的人格理论必须具有一种综合性的人性观。     

行为科学在中国的回顾与前瞻——为悼念孙友余同志而作

过去因孙友余同志的倡导 ,行为科学曾在中国 80年代盛极一时 ,对管理实践与理论研究 ,都作出了许多成绩 ,并且成立了全国的行为科学学会 ,办了几期厂长经理的培训班 ,为我国的管理工作的科学化成为一种推动作用。后孙友余同志因病离职 ,行为科学学会名存实亡 ,现在已无全国的学会组织。因为下一世纪进入转型时期 ,行为科学在知识经济中的地位更加重要 ,因而提出恢复全国行为科学学会以开展工作 ,兼以此纪念孙友余同志的逝世。     

目标理论述评

目标理论是近年来成就动机研究领域的一个热点 ,学者们基于对目标概念、目标功能的不同理解 ,提出了各种目标理论。本文着重介绍了目标设置理论、动机系统理论和成就目标理论 ,剖析了不同学者对目标结构的性质、功能及其作用机制的理论观点。     

Relative area and relative luminance combine to anchor surface lightness values.

The anchoring of lightness perception was tested in simple visual fields composed of only two regions by placing observes inside opaque acrylic hemispheres. Both side-by-side and center/surround configurations were tested. The results, which undermine Gilchrist and Bonato's (1995) recent claim that surrounds tend to appear white, indicate that anchoring involves both relative luminance and relative area. As long as the area of the darker region is equal to or smaller than the area of the lighter region, relative area plays no role in anchoring. Only relative luminance controls anchoring: The lighter region appears white, and the darker region is perceived relative to that value. When the area of the darker region becomes greater than that of the lighter region, relative area begins to play a role. As the darker region becomes larger and relative area shifts from the lighter region to the darker region, the appearance of the darker region moves toward white and the appearance of lighter region moves toward luminosity. This hitherto unrecognized rule is consistent with almost all of the many previous reports of area effects in lightness and brightness. This in turn suggests that a wide range of earlier work on area effects in brightness induction, lightness contrast, lightness assimilation, and luminosity perception can be understood in terms of a few simple rules of anchoring.     

工作记忆中句法歧义加工的双重表征研究

本实验研究考察了高广度的中国中英文阅读者在对具有句法歧义结构的中英文句子是否在工作记忆中产生双重表征,以及任务难度对这种双重表征的保持会的影响。实验结果表明：（１）中文高广度阅读者能对汉语并列歧义产生双重表征;（２）中国的英文高广度阅读者能够对英语Ｖｅｄ歧义产生双重表征;（３）在回答提问的任务难度有所增加时,这种双重表征得以保持,其强度没有立即随之降低。     

基于示例学习的认知技能获得的研究

本文简要介绍了基于示例学习的认知技能获得的研究,涉及的问题包括示例学习的过程、影响认知技能获得的因素、认知技能获得中的练习和迁移等、在文章的最后,对这一领域的研究趋势进行了展望。