从管理伦理看人口计划生育公共服务网络的构建

人口计划生育协会是我国最大的社团组织,它的主要职能是广泛宣传国家人口政策、影响公众生育观念、服务相关人群等,它正在成为构建人口计划生育公共服务网络的主体.本文引入管理伦理的视角,重申了人口计划生育协会的组织目标和管理架构,通过厘清围绕计生协会的主要伦理议题,为人口计划生育公共服务网络建设提供必不可少的管理伦理尺度.     

大学生经济信心和心理健康的关系:生涯自我效能感的中介作用

采用经济信心问卷、生涯自我效能感量表、总体主观幸福感量表、贝克焦虑和抑郁量表,对237名大学生进行调查,考察大学生经济信心对其心理健康的影响,以及生涯自我效能感在两者之间可能的中介作用。结果表明,经济信心与生涯自我效能感和主观幸福感呈显著的正相关,与抑郁显著负相关,生涯自我效能感与主观幸福感显著正相关,与焦虑、抑郁显著负相关。大学生经济信心对其主观幸福感和抑郁具有显著的预测作用。大学生生涯自我效能感在经济信心与主观幸福感之间起到部分中介作用,其在经济信心和抑郁之间起到完全中介作用。此外,大学生生涯自我效能感传递了经济信心对焦虑的间接影响。     

决策权力和社会角色对混合动机冲突决策的影响

以最后报价谈判问题为实验材料,考察了混合动机冲突情境中决策权力和社会角色的影响。结果表明:(1)决策权力对决策者的决定有显著影响。拥有分配权的决策者倾向于采取竞争策略,拥有要求权的决策者倾向于采取平均分配策略,拥有否决权的决策者倾向于采取合作策略。(2)社会角色对决策者的决定有显著影响。与陌生人角色相比,担任好朋友角色的决策者决定得到的点数明显地更低。     

最后通牒游戏中接收者拒绝行为的情绪义务模型

公平偏好使人们在面对不公平的分配时通常会有所表示,在最后通牒游戏中具体表现为对不公平报价的拒绝,有很多研究把拒绝的原因归结为不公平厌恶和互惠主义等社会偏好,但这并不能解释一些最后通牒变体游戏中的拒绝行为。但这恰恰支持了情绪义务模型。     

父母教养方式对应对方式影响:自尊的中介作用

目的研究初二学生父母教养方式、自尊对应对方式的影响。方法使用父母教养方式问卷、自尊量表、中学生应对方式量表对广州及深圳162名初中二年级学生进行施测。结果 (1)各量表不同因子存在不同的性别效应,父亲惩罚(t=2.737,P<0.01)、父亲拒绝否认(t=2.444,P<0.05)、问题指向应对(t=2.196,P<0.05)。(2)父母情感温暖与自尊、问题指向应对有显著的正相关(r=0.350,r=0.490,P<0.01),父亲偏爱对问题指向应对有显著的正相关(r=0.170,P<0.05);而母亲的拒绝否认和严惩与自尊存在显著的负相关(r=-0.198,r=-0.209,P<0.01),但与情绪指向应对有显著的正相关(r=0.235,r=0.258,P<0.01)。(3)父亲情感温暖(β=0.413,P<0.05)和自尊(β=0.230P<0.05)是问题指向应对方式的预测因子,且自尊是中介因素;母亲严惩(β=0.299,P<0.001)、父亲温暖(β=0.158,P<0.05)对情绪指向应对方式存在显著的预测作用。结论不同教养方式、自尊对不同应对方式存在影响。     

情绪表达性对人际关系的影响概述

在日常生活中情绪表达性指:人们交流体验的影响和影响人际关系的方式、个体对表达内容、表达方式、表达对象的选择,决定了他人会作出怎样的反应,并将对个体的人际关系产生影响。良好的人际关系有利于大学生形成和发展健康的个性品质,也有利于培养他们的合作精神。本文主要介绍了情绪表达和人际关系的部分研究概述和研究所使用的工具,为以后的研究打下基础。     

Nudge to Health: Harnessing Decision Research to Promote Health Behavior

We review selected literature that examines how biases in decision making can be utilized to encourage individual health behavior, such as vaccination, and promote policy decisions, such as resource allocation. These studies use simple interventions to nudge people towards more optimal health decisions without restricting decision‐makers’ freedom of choice. Examples include framing effects, defaults, implementation intentions, position effects, social norm, incentives, and emotions. We suggest that nudges are an effective way to promote healthy behavior.     

The dimensionality of coping among Chinese health care workers

The transactional model defines coping as a process that changes on the basis of the context of an environmental encounter. An instrument used to investigate coping in diverse person-environment interactions is the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOC; S. Folkman & R. S. Lazarus, 1988). Although evidence exists to support the basic underlying structure of the WOC in Western societies, no research has been conducted on the instrument's dimensionality in non-Western societies. The authors identified 14 factors for the WOC administered to a sample of health care workers in Beijing, China. The 14 factors identified in the present study were similar to the 8 factors identified in the original validation study (S. Folkman, R. S. Lazarus, C. Dunkel-Schetter, A. DeLongis, & R. J. Gruen, 1986), but they were more content specific.     

Impairment of spatial learning and hippocampal synaptic potentiation in c-kit mutant rats

The c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the white-spotting (W) gene is highly expressed in rat hippocampal CA1–CA4 regions. We found an impaired spatial learning and memory in homozygous c-kit (Ws/Ws) mutant rats that have a 12-base deletion in the tyrosine kinase domain of the c-kit gene and a very low kinase activity. Electrophysiological studies in hippocampal slices revealed that the long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by the tetanic stimulation (100 Hz, 1 sec) in the mossy fiber (MF)–CA3 pathway, but not in the Schaffer collaterals/commissural–CA1 pathway, was significantly reduced in c-kit mutants compared with wild-type (+/+) rats. The paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) was measured before the tetanus and after the establishment of the LTP in each slice. The initial PPF in the MF–CA3 pathway positively correlated with the amplitude of the LTP in the wild-type rats but not in the c-kit mutant rats. Furthermore, they failed to show the normal characteristics observed in the MF–CA3 pathway of +/+ rats; that is, the negative correlation between the initial PPF and the changes in PPF measured after the LTP. These findings suggest an involvement of SCF/c-kit signaling in hippocampal synaptic potentiation and spatial learning and memory.     

The differential effects of thalamus and basal ganglia on facial emotion recognition

This study examined if subcortical stroke was associated with impaired facial emotion recognition. Furthermore, the lateralization of the impairment and the differential profiles of facial emotion recognition deficits with localized thalamic or basal ganglia damage were also studied. Thirty-eight patients with subcortical strokes and 19 matched normal controls volunteered to participate. The participants were individually presented with morphed photographs of facial emotion expressions over multiple trials. They were requested to classify each of these morphed photographs according to Ekman's six basic emotion categories. The findings indicated that the clinical participants had impaired facial emotion recognition, though no clear lateralization pattern of impairment was observed. The patients with localized thalamic damage performed significantly worse in recognizing sadness than the controls. Longitudinal studies on patients with subcortical brain damage should be conducted to examine how cognitive reorganization post-stroke would affect emotion recognition.