试论孟子与士人精神

作为中国“轴心时代”的重要思想家,孟子希望以道德化政治,实现天下有道。他提出士人修养的“浩然之气”,在士人与君主的关系上主张“道高于君”,而对于广大普通民众则倡导“使先知觉后知,使先觉觉后觉”。在此基础上,孟子推出了四种士人典范。而在孟子这些思想中,一以贯之的乃是对德性的张扬,在“尊德性”与“道问学”之间,他明显偏重于前者,这是孟子关于士人精神的特色所在。在孟子的精神世界里,我们可以看到的更多的是一种道德信仰和勇气。正是从这个意义上讲,孟子是一位信仰道德的“宗教家”,而不是一位代表智性的“学问家”。     

谓词抽象及其作用

当今,命题模态逻辑作为一种标准的形式工具,已被广泛应用于计算机科学和人工智能的各个领域.然而,与命题模态逻辑不同,通常的一阶模态逻辑语言的表达力是不充分的,这是许多重要问题背后的原因所在,这些重要问题包括:模态逻辑中没能出现与经典逻辑相媲美的赫伯兰(Herbrand)定理、非严格指称问题、同一性问题、罗素的限定摹状词理论、动态逻辑的指派表达等等.美国当代逻辑学家、证明论专家菲汀(M.C.Fitting)充分认识到通常的一阶模态逻辑表达力不充分所产生的弊端,他通过把谓词抽象引入通常的一阶模态逻辑的语形和语义,以一种极其简单和自然的形式加强了一阶模态语言的表达力,从而使上述问题迎刃而解.本文首先介绍谓词抽象的基本思想及其简史,然后重点阐述谓词抽象在模态赫伯兰定理以及其他领域的重要作用.     

承认话语的当代诠释——霍耐特思想的研究述评

霍耐特(A.Honneth)是法兰克福大学社会研究所的现任所长,也是当前公认的法兰克福学派第三代领军人物.20世纪80年代初,霍耐特作为哈贝马斯的助手开始在学界崭露头角.1992年,霍耐特出版了专著<为承认而斗争>,正式提出了其代表性的承认学说,从而奠定了其日后的学术声名.     

叙拉古的诱惑——在哲学与政治之间

政治对于哲学家往往有一种难以拒斥的诱惑,在古代希腊和中国都是如此,哲学家对于政治有一种无法割舍的介入冲动.政治和哲学作为两种活动是难以割舍的一对,无论是患难与共的兄弟还是不同戴天的冤家,这在现代和当代哲学中依然是一个重要的问题.     

Kanizsa-type subjective contours do not guide attentional deployment in visual search but line termination contours do

We used visual search to explore whether attention could be guided by Kanizsa-type subjective contours and by subjective contours induced by line ends. Unlike in previous experiments, we compared search performance with subjective contours against performance with real, luminance contours, and we had observers search for orientations or shapes produced by subjective contours, rather than searching for the presence of the contours themselves. Visual search for one orientation or shape among distractors of another orientation or shape was efficient when the items were defined by luminance contours. Search was much less efficient among items defined by Kanizsa-type subjective contours. Search remained efficient when the items were defined by subjective contours induced by line ends. The difference between Kanizsa-type subjective contour and subjective contours induced by line ends is consistent with physiological evidence suggesting that the brain mechanisms underlying the perception of these two kinds of subjective contours may be different.     

Icon flickering, flicker rate, and color combinations of an icon's symbol/background in visual search performance

The effects of color combinations of an icon's symbol/background and components of flicker and flicker rate on visual search performance on a liquid crystal display screen were investigated with 39 subjects who searched for a target icon in a circular stimulus array (diameter = 20 cm) including one target and 19 distractors. Analysis showed that the icon's symbol/background color significantly affected search time. The search times for icons with black/red and white/blue were significantly shorter than for white/yellow, black/yellow, and black/blue. Flickering of different components of the icon significantly affected the search time. Search time for an icon's border flickering was shorter than for an icon symbol flickering; search for flicker rates of 3 and 5 Hz was shorter than that for 1 Hz. For icon's symbol/background color combinations, search error rate for black/blue was greater than for black/red and white/blue combinations, and the error rate for an icon's border flickering was lower than for an icon's symbol flickering. Interactions affected search time and error rate. Results are applicable to design of graphic user interfaces.     

Relation of perfectionism with athletes' burnout: further examination

The purpose was to examine the different aspects of perfectionism and athletes' burnout. College athletes (N = 320) with mean age of 19.7 yr. (SD = 1.4) completed the Chinese version of the Multiple Perfectionism Scale for Sport and the Eades' Athlete Burnout Inventory. Results indicated that perfectionism could be separated into adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism. Adaptive perfectionism was linked to reduced athletes' burnout while maladaptive perfectionism was associated with athletes' burnout. In addition, significant interaction was found between adaptive perfec tionism and maladaptive perfectionism on athletes' burnout. Results suggest that high maladaptive perfectionism and low adaptive perfectionism corresponds to higher scores on athletes' burnout. Perfectionism should not be treated as an all-or-nothing disposition. The extent of athlete burnout can vary with the interaction effects of the two types of perfectionism. In terms of practical implications in intervention work, coaches and sport psychologists should try to reduce athletes' maladaptive perfectionism and increase adaptive perfectionism.     

关于进化论的生命科学质疑

现代科学远未弄清楚生命是什么,所以,肯定生命是偶然生成的观点是不符合时代的科学精神的。遗传变异不能产生新的物种,也没有证据表明基因突变导致生物进化产生了新物种。按照小群突变的新达尔文主义来推断人类进化,既缺乏事实根据,也有悖于逻辑推理。     

四元生命管理之理念初探

只有从研究个体的先天体质入手,剖析个体生命特征,根据生命体自身的变化规律,预测生命各阶段将出现的各种问题,才能针对性地对个体生命的全过程进行全面地分析、评估、监测、预防、干预和维护。四元生命管理即为凸显个体独特性的、从测评先天体质入手、强调四元平衡互动的、对生命全过程进行的管理。     

特殊类型子宫平滑肌瘤

绝大多数子宫平滑肌瘤为普通型,但有些子宫平滑肌瘤的组织形态或生长方式类似于平滑肌肉瘤,却又不具有典型恶性的组织学特征,这些特殊类型的子宫平滑肌瘤大多表现出良好的临床经过,预后较好,但偶有多次复发甚至恶变。