The Influence of Gender and Organization Level on Perceptions of Leadership Behaviors: A Self and Supervisor Comparison

Reports that male and female leaders provideabout their own task and consideration leadershipbehaviors as well as reports that their supervisorsprovide about their behaviors were analyzed with respect to four competing models (Fagenson, 1990).Leaders and their supervisors were drawn from a raciallydiverse managerial population at a Federal governmentagency. The gender-centered model posits the existence of innate or socialized gender differences inleadership styles (Loden, 1985; Rosener, 1990). Theorganization-structure model maintains that one'sposition in the organizational hierarchy influencesleadership style (Kanter, 1977). The gender-organizationand the gender-organization-system models maintain thatgender and organization level combine, independently andinteractively (respectively) to influence leadership behavior (Fagenson, 1990b). Predictions werebased on these four models as well as on Eagly &Johnson's (1990) meta-analytic study which found thatself-perceptions of leadership style were morestereotypic than those of others. Supportwas found forEagly & Johnson's findings, as well as for thegender-centered and organization-structure models.Leaders' reports of their leadership behaviors wererelated to their gender, while supervisors' reportswere related to the organizational level ofleaders.     

Healing the congregation: The dynamics of a congregation's process of recovery from its minister's sexual boundary crossing with parishioners

This article recounts and interprets one congregation's struggles to recover from the discovery that its highly-regarded, married male minister had been sexually involved with several female members of the congregation over an extended period of his ministry. It identifies four predictable phases and five polar tensions. Guidelines for justice-based resolutions are provided.     

Interference in short-term memory: The magical number two (or three) in sentence processing

Many theories have been proposed to explain difficulty with center embedded constructions, most attributing the problem to some kind of limited-capacity short-term memory. However, these theories have developed for the most part independently of more traditional memory research, which has focused on uncovering general principles such as chunking and interference. This article attempts to gain some unification with this research by suggesting that an interesting range of core sentence processing phenomena can be explained as interference effects in a sharply limited syntactic working memory. These include difficult and acceptable embeddings, as well as certain limitations on ambiguity resolution, length effects in garden path structures, and the requirement for locality in syntactic structure. The theory takes the form of an architecture for parsing that can index no more than two constituents under the same syntactic relation. A limitation of two or three items shows up in a variety of other verbal short-term memory tasks as well.Preparation of this paper was supported by a grant from the James S. McDonnell Foundation to the Human Information Processing Group at Princeton University. Many thanks to Martin Chodorow, Terry Langendoen, Thad Polk, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the paper and research.     

Practical guidelines in the use of symptom validity and other psychological tests to measure malingering and symptom exaggeration in traumatic brain injury cases

The detection of malingering or symptom exaggeration has become an essential component in forensic neuropsychological evaluations, particularly in cases involving personal injury claims. Symptom Validity Tests refer to those measures that can be utilized to detect test performance that is so poor that it is below the level of probability, oftentimes even among brain-damaged populations. This article outlines legal standards for expert testimony in regard to forensic neuropsychological personal injury evaluations. The article provides an outline of specific Symptom Validity Tests and Indicators, and reviews literature supporting test sensitivity and validity. In addition, the use of symptom checklists and questionnaires is discussed, as well as the appropriate use of Symptom Validity Tests and Indicators to establish the presence or absence of malingering or symptom exaggeration.     

Satanism in Britain today

It has been alleged that 10 per cent of the population of Britain are Satanists who conspire (perhaps influenced by a real Devil) to corrupt and blaspheme against everything godly, good or socially valued. This paper discusses the views and activities of self‐identified Satanists in Britain, especially the Temple of Set, the Church of Satan, the Order of the Nine Angles and Dark Lily. It also comments on ad hoc, adolescent and multi‐generational Satanism. Satanism is a series of techniques for allowing individuals to affirm, develop and express themselves, and to do what they wish to do in the context of a spirituality. It does not require belief in the Satan of the Christian pantheon although thriving on the sinister image and the hostility it can evoke in Christians and the media. Satanism is an adversarial form of self‐religion.     

Detecting fake-bad MMPI-A profiles

This study examined the extent to which the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) could identify adolescents who were faking-bad. This study also examined the extent to which the validity scales could differentiate between nonclinical adolescents instructed to fake-bad and both clinical and nonclinical adolescents who received standard instructions. Participants were 58 male and 80 female high school students and 58 male and 80 female adolescents from clinical settings. Results indicated that the mean profiles resembled those previously reported for adults on the MMPI (Graham, 1987) and MMPI-2 (Graham, Watts, & Timbrook, 1991) and for adolescents on the original MMPI (Archer, Gordon, & Kirchner, 1987). Accurate identification of students who were faking-bad was achieved. It was possible to differentiate between the clinical adolescents and nonclinical adolescents who were faking, and it was possible to differentiate between nonclinical adolescents who were faking and nonclinical adolescents with standard instructions; however, different cutoff scores were needed for these two discriminations. Optimal cutoff scores were presented.