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941.
Inferring category attributes from exemplar attributes: geometric shapes and social categories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three experiments tested the hypothesis that judgments about the attributes of categories are disproportionately based on the characteristics of exemplars that best fit the category. In the first 2 experiments, subjects were presented with good and bad exemplars of categories with defining attributes (rectangles, triangles, pentagons, and ellipses) in which different colors were arbitrarily paired with the good and poor examples. In both experiments, subjects erroneously judged the colors paired with the good exemplars as more frequent than colors paired with the poor exemplars. A third experiment, using social categories, examined whether attributes associated with a single category member were more likely to generalize to the category as a whole for prototypical than for nonprototypical category members. Subjects were presented with information about individual fraternity members who varied in prototypicality, and the tendency to infer a target behavior (liberal vs. conservative voting behavior) from the individual fraternity member to the fraternity as a whole increased with the prototypicality of the category member. Implications for the contact hypothesis, category-exemplar relations, and belief stability are discussed. 相似文献
942.
A study was conducted to examine the accuracy of prediction of facial expressiveness from knowledge of the norms of expressiveness in same-sex and mixed-sex social interactions. Men and women subjects were videotaped while they viewed emotionally loaded stimulus slides and rated their responses to them. The edited videotapes were shown to judges who attempted to identify the emotion reported by each viewer for each slide. A separate group of subjects was asked to rate how acceptable or appropriate it is for a man or a woman to express each target emotion under the conditions of the slide-viewing study. The accuracy of emotion identification data correlated highly with acceptability ratings across emotions and sex pairings, although examined more closely, the data show this predictability only for same-sex pairings. Alternative explanations for these results in terms of display rules and the social demands of interactions are discussed.The authors wish to thank Alan Fridlund for helpful comments on a previous version of this paper. 相似文献
943.
This paper presents the results of a technology transfer project designed to transfer knowledge about model behavioral intervention
projects that significantly decreased HIV-related risk behaviors. The National AIDS Demonstration Research Program Technology
Transfer (NADR TT) Project encompassed: (1) preparation of manuals based on successful intervention research; (2) convening
of 7 Regional meetings on Behavior Change Strategies for Injection Drug Users (IDUs); and (3) conduct of twenty-three state
implementation training events. An evaluation of the NADR TT project showed that it was successful in its efforts to transfer
knowledge regarding model intervention programs. Participants expressed an increased level of confidence in their ability
to implement the model and individual model elements were perceived to be useful to—and implemented by—participants. Results
also pointed out that significant barriers to implementation of model elements of the behavioral interventions exist. 相似文献
944.
Previous community psychology research has suggested that sense of community can be a powerful explanatory tool for understanding
community development and individual well-being, but has not focused on the relationship of environmental variables to the
construct. In other disciplines—especially urban planning—this construct has received more attention but it has not been empirically
and systematically studied. The three-phase qualitative study reported here sampled people representative of those who live
and work in Seaside, FL, a town designed to induced sense of community. The data strongly suggest a relationship between a
variable set that may define sense of community—membership, need fulfillment, shared emotional connections, loyalty—and the
environmental variables of town design, architecture, and urban planning philosophy. 相似文献
945.
946.
Eric E. McCollum PhD Terry S. Trepper PhD Thorana S. Nelson PhD Philip A. McAvoy MA Robert A. Lewis Joseph L. Wetchler PhD 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1996,18(4):607-617
Discovering that participants who received therapy in a research project and were being debriefed in a therapy outcome study considered those assessment sessions therapeutic, the authors conclude that participants: (a) are aware of the research context, (b) have some idea about how it affected the treatment they got, and (c) see positive outcomes for taking part in the study. Assessment and treatment were not separated in the minds of some participants, as they had been in the mind of the researchers.This study was supported in part by National Institute on Drug Abuse grant #1R 18DA 1069232001. 相似文献
947.
M J Lewis D L Margules 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1975,88(2):519-527
Morphine-addicted rats performed operant responses for opioid or milk rewards. When rats were then denied access to opioids, abstinence symptoms developed. Responding under extinction conditions 2 wk. after opioid withdrawal provided a measure of the "relapse" tendency. Systemic administration of DL-alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, suppressed these responses if they had been reinforced by an opioid but not if they had been established with milk reinforcement. This indicates that the integrity of the catecholamine systems is vital for relapse to occur. 相似文献
948.
M Lewis 《Psychoanalytic review》1975,62(3):463-467
949.
950.
A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis 总被引:54,自引:0,他引:54
Maximum likelihood factor analysis provides an effective method for estimation of factor matrices and a useful test statistic
in the likelihood ratio for rejection of overly simple factor models. A reliability coefficient is proposed to indicate quality
of representation of interrelations among attributes in a battery by a maximum likelihood factor analysis. Usually, for a
large sample of individuals or objects, the likelihood ratio statistic could indicate that an otherwise acceptable factor
model does not exactly represent the interrelations among the attributes for a population. The reliability coefficient could
indicate a very close representation in this case and be a better indication as to whether to accept or reject the factor
solution.
This research was supported by the Personnel and Training Research Programs Office of the Office of Naval Research under contract
US NAVY/00014-67-A-0305-0003. Critical review of the development and suggestions by Richard Montanelli were most helpful. 相似文献