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61.
Drug-behavior interaction history: modification of the effects of morphine on punished behavior. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-interval schedule in which the first response after 5 min terminated a visual stimulus in the presence of which electric shocks could occur. During one component of the schedule, correlated with one color of stimulus lights, every 30th response also produced electric shock; responding was suppressed during this component to approximately 10 to 12% of that occurring in the alternate component in which responding was not punished. In contrast to previous research, morphine (0.03 to 1.0 mg/kg) increased punished responding. Unpunished responding, however, was either not affected or decreased at doses of morphine that increased punished responding. Increases in rate of punished responding also occurred when the single-schedule punishment condition was studied alone in these animals. Subsequent experimentation, which systematically analyzed the development of the rate-enhancing effects of morphine on punished responding, involved the study of drug effects in additional monkeys trained initially under a single-schedule punishment condition. The effects of morphine on punished responding were studied before, after, and then during exposure to the multiple schedule that included a component in which responding was not punished. Increases in response rate with morphine did not occur until it was administered during exposure to the multiple schedule that included a component in which responding was not punished. As with the other monkeys, once the rate increases in punished responding occurred under the multiple schedule, these effects of morphine persisted, even when the multiple schedule was removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
62.
Charles Lewis 《Psychometrika》1986,51(1):11-22
On the occasion ofPsychometrika's fiftieth anniversary, the past twenty-five years' developments in mental test theory are reviewed, with special emphasis on the topics receiving attention in the pages of this journal. (Analogous reviews forPsychometrika's first quarter century were given by Gulliksen and Guilford in 1961.) Much of the recent progress in test theory (and in other branches of psychometrics as well) has been made by treating the problems in this field as being essentially ones of statistical inference. It is concluded that (a) research in test theory is in a healthy state and (b)Psychometrika is an important source of information about that research. 相似文献
63.
Though the term “new technology” is widely used and discussed, there has been very little systematic study of attitudes to
technology and their relation to other beliefs and group memberships. This article describes an initial investigation into
the nature of attitudes towards new technology (n=534 undergraduates) and demonstrates that, as yet, these attitudes are only weakly structured and are not fully integrated
with other social beliefs. General evaluations of the benefits of technological advance appear to be almost unrelated to beliefs
about the inevitability of these advances or the desire to acquire training to deal with them. Contrary to popular expectations,
evaluations of video games are unrelated to other beliefs about technology while other social beliefs are, as yet, only weakly
integrated with these attitudes. This study also identifies gender differences in the assessment of potential benefits and
highlights other differences attributable to academic group memberships. These finding are discussed with reference to the
literature on sex-role stereotyping and group socialization processes. 相似文献
64.
Factors affecting spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in animals, for example, age, gender and species studied; type of
apparatus and cues employed; and neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and motivational status of the organism, were reviewed.
Despite a myriad of experiments showing interesting main effects of such variables, little research has been performed assessing
the interactive affects of these factors on alternation behavior. For example, psychologists test rats in central nervous
system (CNS) lesion studies, whereas psychopharmacologists tend to assess SAB in mice. Most importantly, studies have not
been reported investigating the possible interactions among species, brain lesions and drugs. This is an unfortunate omission
since several important alternation models include propositions relating to cholinergic and/or serotonergic coding in the
hippocampus. Examination of behavioral studies revealed the primary cue for alternation among invertebrates to be body turn,
whereas vertebrates rely primarily on directional and odor cues. Reference to the seeking of stimulus change remains the most
compelling motivational account of why animals manifest this ubiquitious and reliable behavior pattern.
This review and the unpublished studies were supported by Research Grants MH16962, MH21288, and MH36491 from the National
Institute of Mental Health and the Wake Forest University Research and Publication Fund. 相似文献
65.
Inpatient Multimodal Therapy (imt) is a residential treatment program, lasting a maximum of 36 weeks, for patients with severe neurotic symptoms. A group of
44 chronic obsessive-compulsive patients and a group of 40 chronic phobic patients were treated in order to assess the outcome
and the process of treatment and to identify prognostic factors associated with the effect. At follow-up—on average, eight
months after discharge—it was found that 60% had improved, 32% had remained the same, and 8% had deteriorated, indicating
that, in general, the treatment was beneficial. That these effects were long-lasting is supported by the fact that, at follow-up,
78% of all patients were no longer receiving treatment, 18% were receiving outpatient or day treatment, and 4% were receiving
inpatient treatment. Phobic patients appear to have gained more from the multimodal approach than did obsessive-compulsive
patients, as indicated by the fact that the severity of symptoms decreased as they improved in rational thinking, assertiveness,
and arousal. By contrast, obsessive-compulsive patients relapsed more than phobic patients did. This was attributed to the
fact that the former gained less from the rational-emotive training, denied problems with assertiveness, and did not practice
the acquired relaxation skills. It further appeared that a favorable outcome could be induced in patients who (1) expressed
relatively mild symptoms in this otherwise severe group, (2) reported relatively few additional complaints, (3) could clearly
indicate interpersonal problems, and (4) did not use psychotropic drugs. These prognostic factors are so widespread that not
much weight can be ascribed to them. Yet they are useful for indication ofimt until better predictors are found. 相似文献
66.
This article is based on a review of recent literature on “computing stress”; that is, on the psychological stress effects
of working with computer systems. Current research into the sources of computer-related stress has tended to concentrate on
those employees who operate Visual Display Units (VDUs), either on a full-time professional basis as word-processor (WP) operators,
data-entry clerks, secretaries, or those dealing with enquiries from the public; or employees who use the VDU irregularly
as part of their other duties. A few studies have looked at specific occupation groups, such as printers (Kalimo & Lepp?nen,
1985), information technology professionals (programers and analysts), process workers, and college students (Sproull, Kiesler,
& Zubrow, 1984). Generally, however, research has been carried out on office workers, more often women, carrying out administrative
tasks. An attempt is made to identify those potential work-related stressors that have been isolated by these studies, and
also included are criticisms of the general methodologies used in many of them.
The terms “visual display unit,” “visual display terminal,” VDU, VDT, and “terminal” are used interchangeably. 相似文献
67.
Brief presentations of letter arrays were probed by bar markers within or outside the fovea after various time delays. Figural
information presented to the foveal region was retained better under a photopic condition than information in the parafoveal
region, but under a scotopic condition parafoveal information demonstrated superior retention. However, decay rates over time
of all functions were similar, demonstrating that figural information in the rods and cones decays at similar rates. 相似文献
68.
69.
Homosexuals, bisexuals, and heterosexuals were compared on self-reported love preferences and ideals. In general, the three groups tended to agree on ideal characteristics of love objects, love relationships, and love related beliefs. Nevertheless, the groups differed significantly on preferences and beliefs related to love-object sex, residential proximity, ethnic background, physical intimacy, freedom from feelings of jealousy, sexual fidelity, emotional intimacy, and the importance of religious or legal acknowledgment.An early version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Family Relations, in San Francisco, October 1984, Journal Series No. 2973 of the Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 相似文献
70.
In this study of 37 pre-therapy and 23 matched control families who never sought family therapy, father-child welfare affect and mother-child emergency affect were significantly higher in the control families. Control families were found generally to express more Welfare and Emergency emotion. Affective expression between parents did not significantly differentiate the groups.This study has been supported by Grant No. MA-4510 of the Medical Research Council of Canada and was presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychiatric Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, September 1983. The authors wish to express their thanks to Toby Schwartz, Harriet Gold-Kaats, and Terry Tannenbaum-Dascal, who acted as coders and research assistants; Joseph Beltempo, BSc, who helped in the statistical analysis; and James Robbins, PhD, who gave much valuable advice. 相似文献