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931.
Andrea S. Camperio Ciani Claudio Capiluppi Antonio Veronese Giuseppe Sartori 《欧洲人格杂志》2007,21(1):3-22
Whether differences in personality among populations really exist and, if so, whether they are only due to cultural and linguistic differences or have a genetically selected adaptive value, is a controversial issue. In this research, we compared three Italian populations living on three small archipelagos in the Tyrrhenian Sea (n = 993), with their corresponding neighbouring mainlanders (n = 598), i.e. sharing the same geographical origin, culture and language. We used an adjective‐based Big Five questionnaire in order to measure personality traits in four categories of individuals for each archipelago/mainland population: (1) original islanders; (2) non‐original islanders; (3) mainlanders and (4) immigrants to the islands. We further analysed original and non‐original islanders who had or had not emigrated from the islands. We found that islanders had different personality traits from mainlanders, the former being more conscientious and emotionally stable and less extraverted and open to experience. We also found that the subgroup of islanders whose ancestors had inhabited their island for about 20 generations in isolation (original islanders, n = 624) were less extraverted and open to experience than immigrants (n = 193). In contrast, immigrants retained the typical personality profile of the mainland populations. Lastly, emigrants from the islands (n = 209) were significantly more extraverted and open to experience than original and non‐original islanders who had never left their island (n = 741). We hypothesise that population differences in extraversion and openness to experience are more probably related to genetic differences which evolved rapidly, presumably through an active gene flow produced by selective emigration from the islands. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
932.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with primary checking compulsions report higher levels of trait anger and anger expression compared with a student control group, and whether trait anger and anger expression are correlated with specific beliefs and interpretations that are common among individuals who compulsively check. A group of individuals with OCD reporting significant checking compulsions (n=33) and a group of undergraduate students (n=143) completed a questionnaire package that included measures of trait anger and anger expression, as well as measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and beliefs. The compulsive checking group reported greater trait anger, though not greater anger expression, than the student control group. Furthermore, beliefs concerning perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty were positively correlated with anger expression and trait anger among compulsive checkers but not among the student control group. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioural treatments for and models of compulsive checking in OCD. 相似文献
933.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been reviewed and described as an empirically supported treatment for anxious youth. One component of CBT is the use of out-of-session “Show That I Can” tasks (STIC; i.e., homework tasks). STIC tasks vary in content and are to be completed between sessions. We discuss homework in CBT for Robert, a 13-year-old boy with social anxiety. Robert experienced distressing anxiety participating in and giving presentations at school and was fearful of open-ended questions. Robert had difficulty maintaining conversations with peers and reported being preoccupied with a concern that he would say something “weird” or “stupid.” Robert avoided numerous situations, and his social anxiety affected his grades, social interactions, family, and quality of life. Robert’s initial homework tasks entailed (a) journaling and self-monitoring anxious feelings and thoughts, and (b) practicing relaxation skills. During the second half of treatment, Robert’s STIC assignments were exposure tasks, including (a) opinion discussion assignments, (b) participating in class, and (c) initiating conversations with children at the bus stop. The present discussion focuses on how homework was individualized and presented so that it was palatable and sensitive. Issues regarding out-of-session exposure tasks that elicit sufficient anxiety, resistance to high-level exposure tasks, and parent involvement are explored. 相似文献
934.
935.
Andrea L. Dixon 《Adultspan: Theory Research & Practice》2007,6(2):83-95
The relationships among mattering, purpose in life, depression, and wellness among older adults were explored. Mattering, purpose in life, and depression accounted for 78% of the wellness variance. Older adults perceived that they mattered most to their children and friends. The importance of mattering when counseling older adults is discussed. 相似文献
936.
Paolo Boccara Andrea Gaddini Giuseppe Riefolo 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2009,69(4):348-362
In this paper we first make a differentiation between phenomena that can be defined as spontaneous and others that can be defined as authentic. We then attempt to present authenticity as a process rather than an outcome. Finally, we try to understand the location of authentic phenomena in the sensorial and pre-symbolic communicative register. We situate authentic phenomena in the register of sensorial and pre-symbolic communication. The authentic process becomes manifest, step by step in the analytic process (Borgogno, 1999), through the vivid iconic and sensorial elements that happen to cross the analytic field. Through two brief clinical vignettes, we seek to document the progression of the analytic process, in one case through the analyst's capacity for rêverie (Bion, 1962; Ogden, 1994, 1997; Ferro, 2002, 2007), and in the other through the sensorial elements with which analyst and patient are able to tune in to each other. 相似文献
937.
Piero De Giacomo Luciano L’Abate Francesco Margari Wanda Santamato Andrea De Giacomo Rita Masellis Vito D’Agostino 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2009,39(3):165-169
This article presents a program based on the Elementary Pragmatic Model and on the administration of a test consisting of
90 sentences with a strong psychological impact interactively presented to participants. Data emerging from this procedure
are calculated according to four coordinates and 16 relational functions processed on a grid defined by a table of 256 possible
interactions. From these interactions three final states were found to constitute essentially the bottom line of the human
mind. The program indicates how certain sentences could be selected systematically to lead initially deviant participants
toward more statistically average patterns, in terms of coordinates, functions, interactions, and final states. 相似文献
938.
Andrea Kohn Maikovich Karestan C. Koenen Sara R. Jaffee 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):727-737
Very few studies have prospectively examined sex differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms and symptom trajectories in
youth victimized by childhood sexual abuse. This study addresses that question in a relatively large sample of children, drawn
from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, who were between the ages of 8–16 years and who were reported
to Child Protective Services for alleged sexual abuse. Sex differences were examined using t tests, logistic regression, and
latent trajectory modeling. Results revealed that there were not sex differences in victims’ posttraumatic stress symptoms
or trajectories. Whereas caseworkers substantiated girls’ abuse at higher rates than boys’ abuse and rated girls significantly
higher than boys on level of harm, there were not sex differences in three more objective measures of abuse severity characteristics.
Overall, higher caseworker ratings of harm predicted higher initial posttraumatic stress symptom levels, and substantiation
status predicted shallower decreases in trauma symptoms over time. Implications for theory and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
939.
Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi Andrea Corsonello Luigi Trojano Claudio Pedone Domenico Acanfora Aldo Spada Gianni D’Addio Roberto Maestri Franco Rengo Giuseppe Rengo 《Brain and cognition》2009
We studied 54 patients with hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Mini Mental State Examination and the Mental Deterioration Battery were used for neuropsychological assessment. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed based on 24-h Holter ECG recording. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare HRV parameters of patients performing normally or abnormally on individual neuropsychological tasks. Spearman’s rho was used to investigate the correlations between HRV parameters and neuropsychological scores, indexes of health status or COPD severity. Patients with defective performance at copying drawings with landmarks (CDL) test (N = 23) had lower very low frequency (VLF) power with respect to patients with normal performance (N = 31) (24 h: median 213; interquartile range 120–282 vs. 309; 188–431 ms2, p = 0.043; daytime: 202; 111–292 vs. 342; 194–397 ms2, p = 0.039). The CDL score correlated with the VLF power (24 h: ρ = 0.27, p = 0.049; daytime: ρ = 0.30, p = 0.028), and the normalized low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio (24 h: ρ = 0.27, p = 0.05; daytime: ρ = 0.33, p = 0.015). Sympathetic modulation decreased for increasing severity of COPD. In conclusion, drawing impairment correlates with depressed sympathetic modulation in patients with COPD, and both might be indexes of COPD severity. 相似文献
940.
Perceived discrimination is a stressor, related to both negative physical and mental health outcomes. Utilizing a sample of 259 undergraduate females from the northeast region of the U.S., the present study examined a model that tested the direct, indirect, and mediated relations among perceived sexist discrimination, psychological distress, self-esteem, and sense of personal control. Path analysis of the model indicated that (a) perceived sexism was related to greater psychological distress, with personal control partially mediating this link and (b) perceived sexism was not related to self-esteem. The path model accounted for 28% of the variance in self-esteem and 37% of the variance in psychological distress. Implications of the findings for women’s health are discussed. 相似文献