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171.
Loss aversion occurs because people expect losses to have greater hedonic impact than gains of equal magnitude. In two studies, people predicted that losses in a gambling task would have greater hedonic impact than would gains of equal magnitude, but when people actually gambled, losses did not have as much of an emotional impact as they predicted. People overestimated the hedonic impact of losses because they underestimated their tendency to rationalize losses and overestimated their tendency to dwell on losses. The asymmetrical impact of losses and gains was thus more a property of affective forecasts than a property of affective experience. 相似文献
172.
Huinck WJ Langevin M Kully D Graamans K Peters HF Hulstijn W 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》2006,31(1):43-63; quiz 58-60
A procedure for subtyping individuals who stutter and its relationship to treatment outcome is explored. Twenty-five adult participants of the Comprehensive Stuttering Program (CSP) were classified according to: (1) stuttering severity and (2) severity of negative emotions and cognitions associated with their speech problem. Speech characteristics (percentage of stuttered syllables, distorted speech score, and the number of correctly produced syllables on a diadochokinesis task) and emotional/cognitive states (emotional reaction, speech satisfaction, and attitudes toward speaking) were assessed before and after treatment, and at a 1- and 2-year follow-up. The results showed that: (a) there was no relationship between stuttering severity and the severity of negative emotions and cognitions, (b) the severe stuttering group had the largest treatment gains but also the highest level of regression, and (c) at post-treatment and both follow-up assessments the differences on measures of emotions between the mild and severe emotional group had disappeared, chiefly due to a large decrease in the latter group's negative emotions and cognitions. Our findings show that, based on treatment gains, specific subgroups can be identified, each requiring different treatment approaches. This underlines the necessity of developing a better understanding of how various dimensions of stuttering relate to treatment outcome. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) describe why stuttering severity and negative emotions and cognitions that are related to stuttering should be investigated separately and (2) describe how treatment outcome relates to subtypes of persons who stutter. 相似文献
173.
Deborah Seltzer-Kelly Sean J. Westwood David M. Peña-Guzman 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2010,29(5):441-457
Curiously, while the efficacy of the arts for the development of multicultural understandings has long been theorized, empirical
studies of this effect have been lacking. This essay recounts our combined empirical and philosophical study of this issue.
We explicate the philosophical considerations that shaped the development of the arts course we studied, which was grounded
in rather traditional humanist educational thought, informed by Deweyan considerations for pedagogy and multiculturalism.
We also provide an overview of the course and of the study design: the ways in which the course worked to teach aesthetic
theory through a combination of popular and canonical works, and the ways in which it sought to instill a sense of cross-cultural
appreciation and solidarity among students through the inclusion of art from different cultures and generations. We then share
our research findings and our return to the realm of philosophy to interpret them. Our postcolonial analysis incorporates
emerging discussions of the arts as a tool for resistance and dialogue within the system of public education, and revisit
and reconsider the very concept of education for pluralistic democracy. This approach problematizes traditional conceptions
of pluralism, in which an attempt is made to dissolve difference in a common understanding, and instead advocates that works
from among the contemporary popular arts and works drawn from the artistic “canon” alike must be considered and employed for
their instrumental value to the educational process—especially for their ability to prompt an intersubjectivity that is accompanied
by a heightened awareness of difference. 相似文献
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175.
Lauren Levine Ph.D. 《Psychoanalytic Dialogues》2013,23(4):480-485
In my response to the commentaries by Anthony Bass, Irwin Hirsch, and Margaret Crastnopol, I focus on conscious and unconscious factors that open or close potential space across relational realms, including that of analyst and patient, parent and child. I then extend these notions to the supervisory relationship. I describe how these issues affected the writing process for me, and explore the impact that writing has had on the ongoing treatment with my patient. I consider too the ways in which shame travels intersubjectively, shutting down transitional space and interfering with aliveness, authenticity, and creativity. 相似文献
176.
The current study evaluated the effects of a teacher-conducted play intervention on preschool-aged children’s compliance in child care settings. Study participants included 8 children ranging in age from 3 to 5 years and 5 early childhood education teachers within 5 classrooms across 5 child care centers. A combination ABAB and multiple baseline design was used to demonstrate the effects of the play intervention. Pretreatment observations revealed varying degrees of child compliance difficulties. The play intervention was associated with improved rates of compliance for each participant child. The intervention is discussed with regard to its potential as a proactive, nonintrusive strategy for improving young children’s classroom compliance. 相似文献
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Over the past decade, research at three different levels of sensorimotor control has revealed a degree of complexity that challenges traditional hypotheses regarding servocontrol of individual muscles: (a) The connectivity of spinal circuits is much more divergent and convergent than expected. (b) The normal and reflex-induced recruitment of individual muscles and compartments of muscles is more finely controlled than was noted previously. (c) The mechanical interactions among linked skeletal segments and their often multiarticular muscles are neither simple nor intuitively obvious. We have developed a mathematical model of the cat hind limb that permits us to examine the influence of individual muscles on posture and gait. We have used linear quadratic control theory to predict the optimal distribution of feedback from a hypothetical set of proprioceptors, given different assumptions about the behavioral goals of the animal. The changes in these predictions that result from changes in the structure and control objectives of the model may provide insights into the functions actually performed by the various circuits in the spinal cord. 相似文献