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211.
212.
Sander Sleijpen Maykel Verkuyten Levi Adelman 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2020,30(4):405-418
West European societies have seen strong debates about the acceptance of Muslim minority practices. In the current research we sought to better understand intolerance by examining whether people use a double standard in which the same practices are tolerated of Christians but not of Muslims (discriminatory intolerance), or rather reject the practices independently of the religious minority group because these are considered to contradict society's normative ways of life (normative intolerance). The results of two survey‐embedded experiments among native Dutch were most in agreement with an interpretation in terms of normative intolerance rather than discriminatory intolerance. This suggests that the rejection of Muslim practices has less to do with Muslims per se but rather with the perceived normative deviance of the practices, independently of the religious minority group. These findings broaden the research on anti‐Muslim sentiments and thereby the debate on the place of Islam within Western liberal societies. 相似文献
213.
Brian P. McLaughlin 《Synthese》2009,170(2):251-274
One of the main challenges that Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn (Cognition 28:3–71, 1988) posed for any connectionist theory
of cognitive architecture is to explain the systematicity of thought without implementing a Language of Thought (LOT) architecture.
The systematicity challenge presents a dilemma: if connectionism cannot explain the systematicity of thought, then it fails
to offer an adequate theory of cognitive architecture; and if it explains the systematicity of thought by implementing a LOT
architecture, then it fails to offer an alternative to the LOT hypothesis. Given that thought is systematic, connectionism
can offer an adequate alternative to the LOT hypothesis only if it can meet the challenge. Although some critics tried to
meet the challenge, others argued that it need not be met since thought is not in fact systematic; and some claimed not to
even understand the claim that thought is systematic. I do not here examine attempts to answer the challenge. Instead, I defend
the challenge itself by explicating the notion of systematicity in a way that I hope makes clear that thought is indeed systematic,
and so that to offer an adequate alternative to the LOT hypothesis, connectionism must meet the challenge. 相似文献
214.
The effects of bonus points contingent on 80% accuracy in math with four middle-school special education students with behavior disorders were examined. A multiple-baseline design across students was used to evaluate the effects of bonus points. The overall results indicated that higher accuracy was found for math assignments during the bonus points condition than during baseline. This overall outcome was replicated for each subject in the study. The benefits of implementing a bonus contingency within an ongoing classroom token economy with middle-school students with behavior disorders are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
215.
The paper argues that knowledge is not closed under logical inference. The argument proceeds from the openness of evidential support and the dependence of empirical knowledge on evidence, to the conclusion that knowledge is open. Without attempting to provide a full-fledged theory of evidence, we show that on the modest assumption that evidence cannot support both a proposition and its negation, or, alternatively, that information that reduces the probability of a proposition cannot constitute evidence for its truth, the relation of evidential support is not closed under known entailment. Therefore the evidence-for relation is deductively open regardless of whether evidence is probabilistic or not. Given even a weak dependence of empirical knowledge on evidence, we argue that empirical knowledge is also open. On this basis, we also respond to the strongest argument in support of knowledge closure (Hawthorne 2004a). Finally, we present a number of significant benefits of our position, namely, offering a unified explanation for a range of epistemological puzzles. 相似文献
216.
Sheila Levi 《Journal of Child Psychotherapy》2017,43(3):330-352
This paper describes a developmental psychotherapy undertaken with a physically disabled latency boy, with a background of significant developmental deficits and multiple psychological trauma, diagnosed by CAMHS as being on the autistic spectrum. Using an assessment framework following Anna Freud’s conceptualisation of developmental lines, pathology as a deviation from the norm was formulated. Assessments using standard psychological tests were made at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of his therapy, in order to study the changes in his personality development. Standard assessment findings were also used to portray the fragmentation of the boy’s psyche in a concrete fashion, in order to facilitate his re-integration. 相似文献
217.
Ethical Considerations for Clinicians Treating Victims and Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence
Kristin D. McLaughlin 《Ethics & behavior》2017,27(1):43-52
Intimate partner violence (IPV), a subcategory of domestic abuse, is a prevalent national health concern that many clinicians will face during their careers. It is important that clinicians become aware of the numerous ethical considerations that are relevant to this population. The existing literature has not yet examined the ethical issues faced by clinicians working with IPV clients through the lens of the most recent American Psychological Association ethics code. This article provides a brief overview of the historical context and the current state of the literature pertaining to IPV. Then it examines the unique ethical challenges associated with the treatment of IPV clients through the American Psychological Association ethics code. Recommendations are provided throughout this article to help clinicians make ethical decisions, maximize the benefits their clients receive from therapy, and minimize violence risk. 相似文献
218.
Irving RR Mills JL Choo-Kang EG McLaughlin W Wright-Pascoe R Morrison EY Brown P 《International journal of psychology》2008,43(6):937-942
The present study was conducted to evaluate for depressive symptoms and undiagnosed diabetes in children with familial history of early-onset type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that diabetes doubles the risk for depression and that the duration of diabetes is related to the severity of the depression. Individuals with depression are also said to be at greater risk for developing diabetes. In many cases diabetes is detected whilst screening for depression. Fifty-three children aged between 6 and 17 years were screened for diabetes and assessed for depressive symptoms using the Children Depression Rating Scale, revised version (CDRS-R). Thirty-six (68.0 %) of the children with a family history of early-onset type 2 diabetes had CDRS-R scores consistent with likely or very likely major depressive disorders. Depressive symptoms score was predicted best by the number of generations of diabetes in the family, with an associated r = .65 and adjusted R(2) = .41. As the generations of diabetes increased, the more likely it was for a child to have diabetes (r = .38, p = .005). Four (7.5%) of the children were diagnosed with diabetes. The findings suggest that depressive symptoms are common in children with a family history of early onset type 2 diabetes and may co-exist with diabetes. The independent variable that reliably predicted the child depressive symptoms score was the number of generations of diabetes in the family. 相似文献
219.
Timothy Williamson has famously argued that the (KK) principle (roughly, that if one knows that p, then one knows that one knows that p) should be rejected. We analyze Williamson’s argument and show that its key premise is ambiguous, and that when it is properly
stated this premise no longer supports the argument against (KK). After canvassing possible objections to our argument, we
reflect upon some conclusions that suggest significant epistemological ramifications pertaining to the acquisition of knowledge
from prior knowledge by deduction.
相似文献
Levi Spectre (Corresponding author)Email: |
220.
The present study examined the impact of the phonological realization of morphosyntactic agreement within the inflectional phrase (IP) in written French, as revealed by ERPs. In two independent experiments, we varied the presence vs. absence of phonological cues to morphological variation. Of interest was whether a graded ERP response to these different conditions could be found in native speakers (Experiment 1), and whether non-native learners would benefit from the presence of phonological cues (Experiment 2). The results for native French speakers showed that compared to grammatically correct instances, phonologically realized inflectional errors produced a significant P600 response, which was statistically larger than that produced by errors that were silent. German L1-French L2 learners showed similar benefits of the phonological realization of morphemes. Phonologically realized errors produced a robust P600 response whereas silent errors produced no robust effects. Implications of these results are discussed in reference to previous studies of L2 acquisition of morphosyntax. 相似文献