Social power facilitates the effect of prosocial orientation on empathic accuracy

Power increases the tendency to behave in a goal-congruent fashion. Guided by this theoretical notion, we hypothesized that elevated power would strengthen the positive association between prosocial orientation and empathic accuracy. In 3 studies with university and adult samples, prosocial orientation was more strongly associated with empathic accuracy when distinct forms of power were high than when power was low. In Study 1, a physiological indicator of prosocial orientation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, exhibited a stronger positive association with empathic accuracy in a face-to-face interaction among dispositionally high-power individuals. In Study 2, experimentally induced prosocial orientation increased the ability to accurately judge the emotions of a stranger but only for individuals induced to feel powerful. In Study 3, a trait measure of prosocial orientation was more strongly related to scores on a standard test of empathic accuracy among employees who occupied high-power positions within an organization. Study 3 further showed a mediated relationship between prosocial orientation and career satisfaction through empathic accuracy among employees in high-power positions but not among employees in lower power positions. Discussion concentrates upon the implications of these findings for studies of prosociality, power, and social behavior.     

土家、苗、侗、藏族高中生学业自我的发展特点及对策

采用问卷法对452名民族地区的土家、苗、侗、藏族高中生的学业自我发展特点进行研究,结果表明：（1）土家、苗、侗、藏族高中生的学业自我均处于中等发展水平,民族差异不显著;（2）土家、苗、侗、藏族高中生学业自我总体上性别差异均不显著;（3）除藏族外,其他三民族高中生学业自我的年级差异均不显著,但在学业自我发展的高峰与低谷期上有所差异;（4）除苗、藏族高中生外,土家族和侗族高中生的学业自我均存在显著的城乡差异,农村高中生的学业自我水平均优于城市高中生的。     

Referent Predictability is Affected by Syntactic Structure: Evidence from Chinese

This paper examines the effect of syntactic structures on referent predictability. Focusing on stimulus-experiencer (SE) verbs, we conducted two sentence-completion experiments in Chinese by contrasting SE verbs in three structures (active canonical, active ba, and passive). The results showed that although verb semantics and discourse coherence relations produce a strong referential biases, the stimulus referent is overall less likely to be rementioned in the active canonical structure than in the other two structures. The findings thus indicate that referent predictability is determined by not only semantic but also syntactic factors. We discuss the theoretical implications for the nature of referent predictability and its relationship with referent accessibility.     

小学生领导力萌芽与发展的实证研究

摘 要 本研究以四年级学生为研究对象,通过话语分析,探究了八个无领导小组八次讨论过程中领导力的萌芽状况及其影响因素。结果发现,小学生可自发出现领导力行为,但只有两个小组会涌现出明显的领导者,并表现为独立领导和协同领导两种不同模式。对学生和教师行为的综合分析显示,学生领导力的形成与教师示范、反馈及同伴互动存在密切关系,这对学生领导力的培养具有重要的启示意义。     

对骨折治疗“优化选择”与“合理选择”的理解和思考

从合理化角度回顾了当前几种重要的骨折治疗理论体系的发展与演变,认为骨折治疗的最优原则是一种理想状态,现实中没有绝对最优只有相对合理。只有建立以患者为中心的思维体系,加强医疗逻辑思维能力,用多维思考的方式寻找矛盾的合理平衡点,始终坚守医学伦理道德底线,才能真正做到为每一位骨折患者进行最合理的治疗。     

中学生的班级环境、学业自我与学业求助的关系

为考察中学生的班级环境、学业自我和学业求助三者之间的关系,采用问卷法对415名初高中生进行了调查研究,结果发现:1)知觉到的班级环境为团结向上型的学生在学习中易倾向为工具性求助而较少执行性和回避性求助;2)中学生在学业自我总分上得分越高,他们越倾向于工具性求助而较少执行性和回避性求助;3)中学生对班级环境的知觉会影响其学业自我发展,同时班级环境中的师生关系会通过学业自我影响其学业求助行为。     

华侨与杨羲:"真人之诰"的灵媒考辨

一六朝时期的上清派道教及上清经典的文献历史一直是道教研究的重要课题,而陶弘景编著的《真诰》与杨羲、许谧、许翙等人受降于仙真的手书的文本历史则是上清经典文献历史的核心材料之一。学界一般以杨许手书代称杨     

Landmark use by Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana): influence of disorientation and cue rotation on distance and direction estimates

Many species have been shown to encode multiple sources of information to orient. To examine what kinds of information animals use to locate a goal we manipulated cue rotation, cue availability, and inertial orientation when the food-storing Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) was searching for a hidden goal in a circular arena. Three groups of birds were used, each with a different goal–landmark distance. As the distance between the goal and the landmark increased, nutcrackers were less accurate in finding the correct direction to the goal than they were at estimating the distance (Experiment 1). To further examine what cues the birds were using to calculate direction, the featural cues within the environment were rotated by 90° and the birds were either oriented when searching (Experiments 2 and 3) or disoriented (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, all distinctive visual cues were removed (both internal and external to the environment), a novel point of entry was used and the birds were either oriented or disoriented. We found that disorienting the nutcrackers so that they could not use inertial cues did not influence the birds’ total search error. The birds relied heavily but not completely on cues within the environment, as rotating available cues caused them to systematically shift their search behavior. In addition, the birds also relied to some extent on Earth-based cues. These results show the flexible nature of cue use by the Clark’s nutcracker. Our study shows how multiple sources of spatial information may be important for extracting multiple bearings for navigation.     

Accuracy and stability of metacognitive monitoring: A new measure

An examination of gamma (?; Goodman & Kruskal, 1954) and the Hamann coefficient (HC; see Schraw, 1995) as a measure of feeling-of-knowing (FOK) accuracy in the prediction of subsequent memory performance shows that neither coefficient provides a pure measure of accuracy in 2 (feeling-of-not-knowing and FOK) × 2 (correct and incorrect recognition) cases. γ underestimated accuracy in the m × 2 case with m being an integer larger than 2, producing low and unstable values of γ. In the present study, FOK predictive accuracy is treated as the extent to which the percentage of correct recognition can be increased by an increase from one FOK rank to another. A statistic computing the relative magnitude of the percentage increase to its maximal increase, designated as C, is able to provide a correct estimate of accuracy. Furthermore, the value of C is stable across different portions of FOK data and is free from restricted-/truncated-range and fineness/ coarseness effects.     

简单心算中数学学习困难儿童的数字距离效应

采用事件相关电位(ERP)方法,以阿拉伯数字的简单心算为任务,考察数学学习困难儿童(MD)的数字距离效应。行为数据的结果表明:MD组没有出现数字距离效应,对照组儿童出现了数字距离效应。事件相关电位数据显示:与对照组相比,MD组N270的潜伏期更长;两组被试在N270的波幅和潜伏期上都没有表现出数字距离效应。研究结果表明:MD儿童对数量信息的空间表征存在缺陷。