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91.
MOTHER–CHILD AND FATHER–CHILD PLAY INTERACTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PARENTAL PLAYFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE LINKS BETWEEN PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AND CHILD NEGATIVITY
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Based on the premise that father–child play is an important context for children's development and that fathers “specialize” in play, similarities and differences in the role of playfulness in the father–child and mother–child relationship were examined. Participants in this study included 111 families (children's age: 1–3 years). Father–child and mother–child play interactions were videotaped and coded for parental playfulness, sensitivity, structuring, and nonintrusiveness as well as child negativity. Results indicated that mothers and fathers did not differ in playfulness and that mothers and fathers who were higher in playfulness had children with lower levels of negativity. However, playfulness differently moderated the links between parents’ and children's behaviors for mothers and fathers. A double‐risk pattern was found for mothers, such that the links between child negativity and maternal sensitivity, structuring, and nonintrusiveness were significant only for the subgroup of mothers with low levels of playfulness. When mothers had high levels of playfulness, these effects were negligible. For fathers, a double‐buffer pattern was revealed, indicating that the links between child negativity and paternal sensitivity and structuring were significant only for fathers with high levels of playfulness. When fathers had low levels of playfulness, these effects were negligible. These findings demonstrate the important role that parental playfulness has on parent–child interaction as well as the need to examine moderation patterns separately for fathers and mothers. 相似文献
92.
Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso Eva Garrosa Bernardo Moreno-Jiménez Elton Carlos de Almeida Sonia María Villela-Bueno 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2017,36(4):755-763
This study investigates the mediating role of psychological meaningfulness among social job resources (i.e., coworkers and supervisor support), vigor, and emotional exhaustion in a nursing context. In spite of progress in understanding which organizational influence affects nurses’ vigor and emotional exhaustion, the psychological mechanisms assumed to underlie the associations have not been fully explored. The sample for this study consisted of 171 nurses from Spanish hospitals (54.4 %) and Primary Care Centers (45.6 %). The mediation model was tested using the bootstrapping procedure. Our findings confirmed that psychological meaningfulness fully mediates the impact of social job resources on vigor at work. Moreover, psychological meaningfulness partially mediated the impact of social job resources on emotional exhaustion. Results suggest that meaningfulness plays an important role in the connection between job resources, vigor, and emotional exhaustion. The findings contribute to our understanding of the psychological processes that can explain how job resources contribute to the energetic aspect of burnout and engagement among nurses. Providing nurses with more social job resources, such as coworker and supervisor support, could activate their levels of personal meaningfulness and thus enhance their levels of well-being at work. 相似文献
93.
Lev Naumenko 《Studies in East European Thought》2005,57(3-4):233-248
To ascertain the context of Il’enkov’s philosophy, the author delves into the history of philosophy since the Sophists and
Plato. For Il’enkov, philosophy is not an abstract science “about everything,” but a study of ideas – forms which are identical
for thinking and being. These objective and universal forms of thought are explained as products and schemes of human activity
creating the world of culture and reified in its “smart” things. 相似文献
94.
Verwey WB Abrahamse EL Ruitenberg MF Jiménez L de Kleine E 《Psychological research》2011,75(5):406-422
The present study examined whether middle-aged participants, like young adults, learn movement patterns by preparing and executing
integrated sequence representations (i.e., motor chunks) that eliminate the need for external guidance of individual movements. Twenty-four middle-aged participants (aged 55–62)
practiced two fixed key press sequences, one including three and one including six key presses in the discrete sequence production task. Their performance was compared with that of 24 young adults (aged 18–28). In the middle-aged participants motor chunks
as well as explicit sequence knowledge appeared to be less developed than in the young adults. This held especially with respect
to the unstructured 6-key sequences in which most middle-aged did not develop independence of the key-specific stimuli and
learning seems to have been based on associative learning. These results are in line with the notion that sequence learning
involves several mechanisms and that aging affects the relative contribution of these mechanisms. 相似文献
95.
The ability to discriminate between larger and smaller quantities has been demonstrated in several mammalian and avian species
suggesting the possibility of evolutionary conservation of this characteristic. Preference for the larger of two groups has
also been shown in fish species, although this ability has rarely been systematically studied in lower order vertebrates,
and thus the mechanisms of such ability are not understood. Here, we exploit the tendency of angelfish to seek protection
in an unfamiliar environment by joining a group of conspecifics, a behaviour called shoaling. Test fish were given a simultaneous
choice between shoals varying both in terms of numerical ratios and absolute numbers of fish. Our results provide evidence
for quantity discrimination in angelfish. In general, experimental subjects chose the larger of two shoals. Furthermore, in
agreement with Weber’s law, which holds that discrimination between two quantities depends on their ratio, the discrimination
between shoals of different quantities of fish was more difficult when the shoal sizes became more similar. The limit of discrimination
ratio was found to be below 2:1. Briefly, angelfish are able to discriminate between different quantities of conspecifics
subject to a ratio limit, a finding that implies a fitness component in this behaviour similar to what has been demonstrated
in higher order vertebrates. 相似文献
96.
97.
Aguado L Serrano-Pedraza I Rodríguez S Román FJ 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):525-537
The role of different spatial frequency bands on face gender and expression categorization was studied in three experiments. Accuracy and reaction time were measured for unfiltered, low-pass (cut-off frequency of 1 cycle/deg) and high-pass (cutoff frequency of 3 cycles/deg) filtered faces. Filtered and unfiltered faces were equated in root-mean-squared contrast. For low-pass filtered faces reaction times were higher than unfiltered and high-pass filtered faces in both categorization tasks. In the expression task, these results were obtained with expressive faces presented in isolation (Experiment 1) and also with neutral-expressive dynamic sequences where each expressive face was preceded by a briefly presented neutral version of the same face (Experiment 2). For high-pass filtered faces different effects were observed on gender and expression categorization. While both speed and accuracy of gender categorization were reduced comparing to unfiltered faces, the efficiency of expression classification remained similar. Finally, we found no differences between expressive and non expressive faces in the effects of spatial frequency filtering on gender categorization (Experiment 3). These results show a common role of information from the high spatial frequency band in the categorization of face gender and expression. 相似文献
98.
Availability of brief, self-report measures to be used as screening instruments is crucial to detect correctly youth with social anxiety disorder and therefore, reach those otherwise under-detected and under-treated. A previous study revealed that the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) was potentially an appropriate measure for screening social anxiety among US adolescents. However, there is a lack of information concerning its properties as a screening test in other cultures and languages. This is the main objective of this study, although further validity of the scale is provided as well. The sample consisted of 192 adolescents (a sample composed of 114 subjects with a principal diagnosis of social anxiety disorder; and a group consisting of 78 subjects with no diagnosis of social phobia). Results suggest that the Social Phobia Inventory has demonstrated good psychometric properties and indeed may be used as a screening tool in Spanish-speaking adolescents. 相似文献
99.
Theories of choice in economics typically assume that interacting agents act individualistically and maximize their own utility. Specifically, game theory proposes that rational players should defect in one-shot prisoners' dilemmas (PD). Defection also appears to be the inevitable outcome for agents who learn by reinforcement of past choices, because whatever the other player does, defection leads to greater reinforcement on each trial. In a computer simulation and 4 experiments, the authors show that, apparently paradoxically, when players' choices are correlated by an exogenous factor (here, the cooperativeness of the specific PD chosen), people obtain greater average reinforcement for cooperating, which can sustain cooperation. This effect arises from a well-known statistical paradox, Simpson's paradox. The authors speculate that this effect may be relevant to aspects of real-world human cooperative behavior. 相似文献
100.
Martín Cabré LJ 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2008,68(1):43-49
A reciprocal and ongoing interaction about theory and clinical technique developed between Freud and Ferenczi in the years from 1908 to 1933. During the course of this ongoing dialogue, the concept of psychic trauma gradually transformed. Ferenczi continued to elaborate on this issue, and concluded with his work on the interaction of trauma and fantasy. Ferenczi initially refuted Freud's early trauma theses and finally conceptualized a metapsychological reformulation of trauma, an inverse development to Freud's formulations. Ferenczi highlighted two essential concepts in the theory and technique of trauma: the processes of identification and the splitting of the ego, while he stressed the enormous role of disavowal in the dynamics of trauma. The author hopes to demonstrate how Ferenczi's contributions added to developments of the concepts of disavowal and temporality, to the recovery of traumatic memory and the modification of the classical concept of interpretations. 相似文献