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231.
James H. Liu Robert Jiqi Zhang Angela K.-Y. Leung Homero Gil de Zúñiga Cecilia Gastardo-Conaco Vadym Vasiutynskyi Larissa Kus-Harbord 《Political psychology》2020,41(4):661-678
Psychology has begun contributing to social theory by providing empirical measures of actually existing cosmopolitanism that complements more purely theoretical conceptions of the construct common in philosophy and sociology. Drawing from two waves of research on representative adult samples from 19 countries (N = 8740), metric invariance was found for the three factors of cosmopolitan orientation (COS): cultural openness (CO), global prosociality (GP), and respect for cultural diversity (RCD). In terms of etiology, among Wave 1 measures, the personality factor of agreeableness was the best predictor of the cosmopolitan factors of GP and RCD at Wave 2, whereas openness of personality best predicted CO. Wave 1 measures of education, political liberalism, and self-reported social status independently also explained a small amount of variance in COS. Functionally, COS was shown to predict less prejudice against immigrants, and more support for global civil society, even after controlling for social dominance orientation. All three COS factors independently predicted better attitudes towards immigrants. GP was the best predictor of trust in the United Nations, whereas RCD was the best predictor of support for environmental protection. The three-factor model of COS appears well-calibrated for assessing actually existing cosmopolitanism across cultures. 相似文献
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Gabriele Chierchia Magdaléna Soukupová Emma J. Kilford Cait Griffin Jovita Leung Stefano Palminteri Sarah-Jayne Blakemore 《Developmental science》2023,26(3):e13330
Understanding how learning changes during human development has been one of the long-standing objectives of developmental science. Recently, advances in computational biology have demonstrated that humans display a bias when learning to navigate novel environments through rewards and punishments: they learn more from outcomes that confirm their expectations than from outcomes that disconfirm them. Here, we ask whether confirmatory learning is stable across development, or whether it might be attenuated in developmental stages in which exploration is beneficial, such as in adolescence. In a reinforcement learning (RL) task, 77 participants aged 11–32 years (four men, mean age = 16.26) attempted to maximize monetary rewards by repeatedly sampling different pairs of novel options, which varied in their reward/punishment probabilities. Mixed-effect models showed an age-related increase in accuracy as long as learning contingencies remained stable across trials, but less so when they reversed halfway through the trials. Age was also associated with a greater tendency to stay with an option that had just delivered a reward, more than to switch away from an option that had just delivered a punishment. At the computational level, a confirmation model provided increasingly better fit with age. This model showed that age differences are captured by decreases in noise or exploration, rather than in the magnitude of the confirmation bias. These findings provide new insights into how learning changes during development and could help better tailor learning environments to people of different ages.
Research Highlights
- Reinforcement learning shows age-related improvement during adolescence, but more in stable learning environments compared with volatile learning environments.
- People tend to stay with an option after a win more than they shift from an option after a loss, and this asymmetry increases with age during adolescence.
- Computationally, these changes are captured by a developing confirmatory learning style, in which people learn more from outcomes that confirm rather than disconfirm their choices.
- Age-related differences in confirmatory learning are explained by decreases in stochasticity, rather than changes in the magnitude of the confirmation bias.
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King-Ho Leung 《Modern Theology》2022,38(1):81-99
This article considers the compatibility between the doctrine of the Trinity and the theory of the transcendental properties by offering an account of the notion of the ‘gift’ as a transcendental term. In particular, this article presents a re-reading of John Milbank’s influential theology of the gift through Colin Gunton’s project of developing ‘trinitarian transcendentals’. Showing how Milbank’s notion of the gift could be systematically understood in terms of what Gunton calls a ‘trinitarianly developed transcendental’ which nonetheless avoids many of the problems found in Gunton’s original project, this article argues that understanding ‘gift’ as a transcendental term not only provides new ways of conceiving the relationship between the philosophy of transcendental properties and various traditional doctrines, it can moreover demonstrate how the traditional and biblical names of the Holy Spirit as ‘the Gift’ and the Son as ‘the Word’ can offer new ways of developing distinctively trinitarian accounts of metaphysics. 相似文献
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Differentiating the Effects of Informational and Interpersonal Justice in Co‐Worker Interactions for Task Accomplishment
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To extend the research on interactions‐based justice and integrate it with the research on trustworthiness, the present article examines the role of informational and interpersonal justice in co‐worker interactions for task accomplishment. Based on social exchange theory and fairness heuristic theory, the two justice dimensions would trigger different types of responses based on the principle of reciprocity and how they manage different types of uncertainties in a work relationship. As a result, they lead to different outcomes in the context of two co‐workers having a disagreement about work. It was hypothesised that informational justice is related to acceptance of the co‐worker's view primarily through perception of ability‐based trustworthiness, whereas interpersonal justice is related to satisfaction with the co‐worker primarily through perception of benevolence‐based trustworthiness. A survey of employees and a simulation study showed that the effect of informational justice on acceptance of the co‐worker's view is mediated more by ability‐based trustworthiness than by benevolence‐based trustworthiness, whereas the reverse is true for the mediation of the effect of interpersonal justice on satisfaction with the co‐worker. Theoretical implications are discussed concerning the differentiation of the two highly correlated justice dimensions, together with practical implications regarding their relative usefulness. 相似文献
238.
Chan Tracy K. S. Wong Simpson W. L. Wong Anita M.-Y. Leung Vina Wing-Hei 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2019,48(1):221-242
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - Past studies have shown that multimodal presentation of story can improve story-retelling performance in the first language. The purpose of the present study... 相似文献
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