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51.
Previous studies demonstrated that layer strain domestic chicks bred for egg production can orient using directional cues from the magnetic field; here we report that chicks from a broiler strain bred for meat production do not use magnetic cues for orientation. We imprinted both strains of chicken on a red ball and subsequently trained them in a featureless testing arena. Between rewarded trials in the geomagnetic field, we inserted unrewarded tests under the following conditions: (1) in the geomagnetic field, (2) in a magnetic field with North shifted by 90 degrees and (3) in a magnetic field with the inclination inverted. The layer chicks made a correct axial response in 75-80% of the tests, shifting their choices following a rotation of magnetic North. Chicks of the broiler strain, in contrast, performed at chance level with between 47 and 60% of choices on the correct axis. This difference between the strains does not appear to be due to substantial strain differences in motivation to perform the task. It therefore appears possible that the selection of the broiler strain has led to the elimination of the specific ability to respond to magnetic cues in the test situation. 相似文献
52.
Jessica L. Becraft Samantha L. Hardesty Kissel J. Goldman Lesley A. Shawler Matthew L. Edelstein Phillip Orchowitz 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2024,57(1):55-70
We conducted a scoping review to characterize the role of caregiver involvement in behavior-analytic research. We reviewed eight behavioral-learning journals from 2011–2022 for works that included children or caregivers as participants and characterized caregiver involvement as passive (implications for caregivers, input, social validity) and active (implementation, caregiver behavior, training, caregiver-collected data). The review identified 228 studies, and almost all (96.1%; n = 219) involved caregivers in some capacity; 94.3% (n = 215) had passive involvement (26.8% had only passive involvement; n = 61), 69.3% (n = 158) had active involvement (1.8% had only active involvement; n = 4), and 3.9% (n = 9) had neither passive nor active involvement. Involvement generally increased over publication years. The most common types of involvement were implications for caregivers, implementation, and input; caregiver-collected data were rare. We propose considerations when engaging caregivers in research and suggest new avenues of inquiry related to caregivers' treatment objectives and social validity, treatment implementers, and caregiver-collected data. 相似文献
53.
The idea that spiritual and religious functioning (SRF) is associated with alcohol misuse is generally supported, but problems with typical research methods limit the utility of findings. Problems in SRF were conceptualized as discrepancies between current and ideal SRF. Two separate studies were conducted to develop and evaluate a scale to measure the subjective importance and adequacy of aspects of SRF that seem to be associated with alcohol problems. The 1st study suggested that a questionnaire developed to evaluate self-reported ratings of current and ideal SRF is both internally consistent and temporally stable. In the 2nd study, the questionnaire was administered to persons seeking treatment for alcohol problems and persons who indicated that they had never sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Results indicate that those with a drinking problem were more likely to report substantial discrepancies between current and ideal SRF, supporting the validity of the measure as an indicator of problems in SRF. The usefulness of this method for treatment and research is discussed. 相似文献
54.
We examined whether the onset of a new object defined by illusory contours is detected with greater frequency than offset
when neither is associated with a unique sensory transient. Observers performed a “one-shot” change detection task in which
offsetting or onsetting elements of high luminance contrast circles generated the appearance or disappearance of a Kanizsa
figure. Presenting “illusory figures” via this “flicker” method ensures that (1) any unique luminance transients associated
with the two types of change are eliminated, and (2) the objects themselves can only be represented at a relatively high level.
Results showed that offsets were detected more frequently than onsets only when they generated the onset of a Kanizsa figure.
We argue that object appearance dominates object disappearance via mechanisms that operate at the level at which objects are
constructed. 相似文献
55.
Elena Clara Lucia Regolin Giorgio Vallortigara Lesley J. Rogers 《Animal cognition》2009,12(6):755-765
Spontaneous preferences towards possible prey have been little investigated using targets in motion. Preferences of domestic
chicks (Gallus gallus) to peck at video-images of stimuli representing live insects moving along their longer body axis (i.e. “forwards”) or along
the shorter body axis (i.e. “sideways”) were investigated. Chicks presented with both types of stimulus displayed a significant
preference for pecking at stimuli moving sideways. This preference was already present on day 1 post-hatching, and it strengthened
on day 6 for those chicks that had experienced pecking at live insects. Head angles used to fixate the stimuli prior to pecking
were also analysed and were consistent (i.e. 30°–35° and 60°–65°) with those reported for fixation of non-edible targets (larger
stimuli at a distance). In a first control experiment the same video-presented stimuli were used but the insect’s legs were
removed to reduce flickering. In a second control experiment, paper-printed images of the whole insect were used. In both
cases, the sideways direction of movement was clearly preferred. Overall, our data show that chicks have a spontaneous preference
to peck at video-images resembling live insects moving along their shorter body axis. Sideways movement may constitute a crucial
signal attracting chicks’ attention and enhancing predatory responses possibly because of stronger stimulation of motion detectors. 相似文献
56.
Relying on the theoretical model of [Lyubomirsky et al. 2005, Review of General Psychology, 9, pp. 111–131], the present study
investigated the relationship between personality, number of friends, best friendship quality and happiness among 423 young
adults (n = 300 women). The main interest was to examine whether friendship contributed to happiness while controlling for personality.
Friendship variables accounted for 58% of the variance in happiness. Results revealed that friendship quality predicted happiness
above and beyond the influence of personality and number of friends, but friendship conflict was not a significant predictor.
Additional analyses revealed that the companionship and self-validation features of friendship quality were predictive of
happiness while controlling for gender and personality. The findings were discussed in the light of theory and empirical research
and suggestions were made for future research.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
57.
Research consistently shows that individuals with higher levels of education express lower levels of Euroskepticism. This relationship has been explained by values and skills acquired in education and by higher labor-market competitiveness. While these explanations assume a causal impact of education, previous research uses cross-sectional data. This is problematic, as students self-select into education. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, it provides a better test of the causal effect of education on Euroskepticism by using data from the Swiss Household Panel (1999–2011) that allow analyzing how Euroskepticism changes as students move through education from the age of 13 years onwards. Second, it advances theory by highlighting the role of parental socialization in explaining Euroskepticism. We argue that children of higher educated parents select into higher education and take over the pro-European attitudes of their parents. We find a strong educational divide in Euroskepticism. However, longitudinal analyses show no change in Euroskepticism as individuals pass through education. Supporting the parental-socialization hypothesis, parental Euroskeptic attitudes and education explain changes in youngsters' Euroskepticism. The results suggest that, rather than a genuine education effect, differences between educational groups are mostly a result of self-selection due to family background. 相似文献
58.
59.
Lesley C. Scanlan Robert A. Johnston 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1997,50(1):183-198
Contemporary models of face recognition explain everyday difficulties in name retrieval by proposing that name information can only be accessed after semantic information (e.g. Bruce & Young, 1986) or by proposing an architecture which puts name retrieval at a disadvantage (e.g. Burton& Bruce,1992). Experiments reportedhere examined the time requiredto access name and semantic details by adult and child subjects. In Experiment 1 adult subjects took more time to match familiar faces to names than to other semantic details (e.g. occupation), a finding consistent with all the previous literature on name retrieval. Experiment 2, however, showed that the youngest subjects were significantly faster in matching familiar faces to names than to semantic details. Experiment 3 also showed that children were faster at accessing names than occupations when giving vocal responses to presentations of familiar faces. These findings are not predicted by rigidly sequential models of face recognition and are discussed with specific reference to the ontogenesis of models based on a more flexible connectionist architecture. 相似文献
60.