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91.
Daniel Heller Irwin P. Levin Martin Goransson 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2002,89(2)
This study investigates the antecedents (task and decision maker characteristics) and consequences (set size and decision quality) of prescreening strategy selection. In Experiment 1 we investigated which strategy, inclusion or exclusion, is more natural for narrowing choices in tasks with a single correct answer; about 70% of the participants selected exclusion. Experiment 2 directly contrasted correct answer tasks with personal judgment tasks, using the same foils for the two tasks. Participants were more likely to use exclusion for items with a correct answer than for personal judgments. In Experiment 3, participants could choose different strategies for different items and rated the difficulty of each item. The greater the perceived difficulty of an item, the more likely participants were to choose an exclusion strategy. In all three experiments exclusion led to larger set sizes, across task type and experimental design. There were no differences in decision quality as a function of strategy selection after correcting for set size. Individual differences based on personality inventories were not found to be good predictors of strategy selection, but had moderate effects on set size for personal judgment tasks. Results are discussed in terms of a status quo bias for adding or deleting options from an initial reference frame. 相似文献
92.
Lara R. Robinson Amanda Sheffield Morris Sherryl Scott Heller Michael S. Scheeringa Neil W. Boris Anna T. Smyke 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):421-434
Young maltreated children, birth to three years, represent the age group with the highest rates of maltreatment in the United
States (ACYF 2007). There are few studies to date that have investigated early childhood maltreatment and its effects on emotion
regulatory processes and psychopathology. In response, the current investigation uses a dyadic assessment procedure to examine
the relationship between parenting, emotion regulation, and symptoms of psychopathology among maltreating and non-maltreating
parent–child interactions. The participants in this study were 123 children (66 maltreated and 57 nonmaltreated) from ages
1–3. Child and parent affect and child effortful control were observed during a parent–child interaction task. Symptoms of
psychopathology were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist. The maltreated children exhibited more anger, more internalizing
symptomatology, and less positive affect compared to non-maltreated children. Among maltreated children, emotion dysregulation
was associated with internalizing symptomatology. Moreover, these data reveal parental positive affect was associated with
lower child internalizing symptomatology and parental anger was associated with higher child internalizing symptomatology
in the entire sample. This investigation offers evidence that emotion dysregulation subsequent to poor dyadic interactions
is associated with early child maltreatment. These data suggest that maltreated children experience difficulties in emotion
regulation which may be related to their higher levels of behavioral symptomatology. 相似文献
93.
It has repeatedly been shown that the time and accuracy of recognizing a word depend strongly on where in the word the eye is fixating. Word-recognition performance is maximal when the eye fixates a region near the word's center, and decreases to both sides of this "optimal viewing position." The reason for this phenomenon is assumed to be the strong drop-off of visual acuity: the visibility of letters decreases with increasing eccentricity from fixation location. Consequently, fewer letters can be identified when the beginning or ending of a word is fixated than when its center is fixated. The present study is a test of this visual acuity hypothesis. If the phenomenon is caused by letter visibility, then it should be sensitive to variations of visual conditions in which the letters are presented. By increasing the interletter distances of the word (e.g., a_t_t_e_m_p_t), letter visibility was decreased. As expected from our hypothesis, the viewing-position effect became more exaggerated. An additional experiment showed that destroying word-shape information (e.g., aTtEmPt) decreased overall word-recognition performance but had no influence on the viewing-position effect. Varying the viewing position in words might thus be used as a paradigm, allowing one to separate out the contribution of letter information and supraletter information to word recognition. 相似文献
94.
Recognition performance for a target letter embedded in a string of characters is worse than that for targets presented in isolation. This lateral masking (LM) effect is known to depend on target eccentricity and spacing between target and flankers (Bouma, 1970), indicating that LM arises in early visual processing due to interactions among visual features. The feature interaction account would predict that flankers consisting of similar features produce similar LM effects and that differences in LM produced by different types of flanker diminish with increasing target eccentricity and decreasing spacing. However, in a series of six experiments, this prediction was shown not to be true. Flankers that did not access a higher level code (e.g., pseudoletters or rotated letters) produced more LM than standard letter flankers. Moreover, effects of different flanker types were most pronounced for medium target eccentricities and medium spacings for which recognition performance scores ranged between 40% and 60%. 相似文献
95.
This study examined the relation between number conservation and attention to number, density, and length or area in kindergarteners (age 5 years, 8 months) and third graders (age 8 years, 11 months). Attention was assessed by the dimensional preference technique, using triads. Both the attention and conservation tasks included stimulus factors known to facilitate or hinder conservation: small or large numbers of objects, nonlinear or linear arrays, and trials ordered from easiest to hardest, hardest to easiest, or randomly. The number of objects and type of array affected both tasks similarly and there was an order effect in the attention task. There was an increase in attention to number from kindergarten nonconservers to kindergarten conservers to third-graders. Possible developmental interactions between attention and conservation were suggested. 相似文献
96.
This research combined experimental and correlational methods to investigate the effects of social support on social problem-solving effectiveness and perceived stress. During a wait period, college students were given the opportunity to work on practice items from a mildly stressful social problem-solving task, either alone or in the company of a close friend. Participants and friends were allowed to talk about the practice items but were not required to do so, and supportive transactions were tape recorded and content analyzed. All students then completed social problem-solving and perceived stress items alone. Participants who waited with friends did not show superior problem-solving effectiveness unless companions provided particular supportive behaviors. Participants with high perceived support scores rated the experiment as less stressful than those with low scores, but perceived support was not related to companions' actual supportive behaviors. The results were discussed in terms of implications for understanding the mechanisms of social support. 相似文献
97.
M A Heller 《Perception》1987,16(3):291-298
Five experiments are reported in which subjects matched tangible or visible braille characters against either visual or tangible arrays. In both modalities recognition was impaired when the characters were tilted, but visual performance was superior to that for touch. Touch may be more sensitive than vision to tilt, since very small deviations from the upright decreased recognition accuracy. Orientation influenced pattern recognition with and without prior information about orientation. Tilting patterns slowed down recognition for tactual-visual matching, but only when orientation was studied with repeated measures. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that it is difficult to code braille patterns tactually as global outline shapes. 相似文献
98.
99.
The empirical relationship between judgments obtained with a motorized facial-distortion mirror and relevant personality and rating measures was examined. Subjects were 88 school children. The findings indicated general trend differences between males and females in perceiving facial distortion shown in a mirror. Although not statistically significant, a relationship between teachers' ratings on hygiene, self-concept, sociability, and two scales of the High School Personality Questionnaire were noted. 相似文献
100.
Krueger TH Heller HW Hauffa BP Haake P Exton MS Schedlowski M 《Perceptual and motor skills》2005,100(1):109-117
Only a few studies have investigated use of the Dental Anxiety Scale in dental fear-induced neuroendocrine changes. The present study examined 19 female patients, each at two timepoints across an educational and a treatment session within periodontitis therapy. Subjective measures included a visual analogue scale, the STAI State scale, and the Dental Anxiety Scale. Salivary cortisol was measured in parallel across all four timepoints. Although patients were significantly more aroused and anxious prior to the treatment session, salivary cortisol remained unchanged. However, patients with high Dental Anxiety were significantly more aroused and anxious and showed significantly higher salivary cortisol during the educational session than those with low scores on Dental Anxiety. In conclusion, the Dental Anxiety Scale differentiated mean neuroendocrine change between patients scoring low and high for Dental Anxiety and its use as an accurate tool to identify patients with high dental anxiety should be further studied predictively. 相似文献