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241.
Reducing sedentary behavior: the relationship between park area and the physical activity of youth 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study was designed to determine whether the characteristics of the neighborhood environment are related to the substitution of physical activity for sedentary behavior among youth. Fifty-eight 8- to 15-year-old youth were studied in a within-subjects crossover design with three phases: baseline, increased sedentary behavior, and decreased sedentary behavior. The relations between changes in physical activity and design, diversity, and density attributes of the neighborhood environment were determined using random coefficient models. Compared with girls, boys showed greater increases in physical activity when sedentary behaviors were reduced and greater decreases in physical activity when sedentary behaviors were increased. Greater access to parks was associated with greater physical activity when sedentary behaviors were reduced. 相似文献
242.
Antzoulatos EG Wainwright ML Cleary LJ Byrne JH 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2006,13(4):422-425
Repetitive, unilateral stimulation of Aplysia induces long-term sensitization (LTS) of ipsilaterally elicited siphon-withdrawal responses. Whereas some morphological effects of training appear only on ipsilateral sensory neurons, others appear bilaterally. We tested the possibility that contralateral morphological modifications may have functional significance. Therefore, we examined whether LTS training primes subsequent sensitization. Twenty-four hours after LTS training the effects of brief shock treatment (BST) were examined. BST failed to sensitize animals that had previously received either 4-d control treatment or 4-d ipsilateral LTS training. In contrast, BST did sensitize animals that had previously received 4-d contralateral LTS training, suggesting the presence of a latent trace that primes the animal for further learning. 相似文献
243.
244.
Handler L 《Journal of personality assessment》2005,84(1):17-20; discussion 33-6
In this article, I describe 2 assessment experiences, 1 in graduate school and the other more recently, which taught me important personal lessons. Both of the experiences helped me grow as a psychologist and helped me in my own personal life as well. Both experiences dealt with highly personal central issues in my life; the first concerning the development of empathy and the second, important issues centering around aging and death. 相似文献
245.
Sandak R Mencl WE Frost SJ Rueckl JG Katz L Moore DL Mason SA Fulbright RK Constable RT Pugh KR 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(1):67-88
fMRI was used to investigate the separate influences of orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing on the ability
to learn new words and the cortical circuitry recruited to subsequently read those words. In a behavioral session, subjects
acquired familiarity for three sets of pseudowords, attending to orthographic, phonological, or (learned) semantic features.
Transfer effects were measured in an event-related fMRI session as the subjects named trained pseudowords, untrained pseudowords,
and real words. Behaviorally, phonological and semantic training resulted in better learning than did orthographic training.
Neurobiologically, orthographic training did not modulate activation in the main reading regions. Phonological and semantic
training yielded equivalent behavioral facilitation but distinct functional activation patterns, suggesting that the learning
resulting from these two training conditions was driven by different underlying processes. The findings indicate that the
putative ventral visual word form area is sensitive to the phonological structure of words, with phonologically analytic processing
contributing to the specialization of this region. 相似文献
246.
Horwitz L 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2005,53(2):485-511
The topic of forgiveness, despite its importance for the continuity of relationships and for the mental health of the aggrieved party, is relatively neglected in the psychoanalytic literature, perhaps because it is often seen as the province of religion and carries the connotation of reaction formation and inauthenticity. However, genuine forgiveness involves significant intrapsychic work, conscious and unconscious working through of one's anger, and putting the offense into the context of an integrated view of the whole person of the offender. Early developmental structures are the ground on which the relative ability to let go of a grievance depends. While later motives and defenses (e.g., fear of retraumatization, avoidance of shame) may also play a role, these early structures are primary. They are described here in terms of attainment of the depressive position and the development of a sense of secure attachment, the capacity to mentalize, and the ability to mourn. 相似文献
247.
Research bearing on several popular conceptions of the major determinants of anger arousal indicates that the particular appraisals often identified as causes of anger frequently only serve to affect the intensity of the anger that is generated. Research into effects of physical pain or other physically unpleasant conditions or involving social stresses suggests that decidedly aversive conditions are a major spur to anger. Experiments are also reviewed showing that anger-related muscular movements can also lead to anger-related feelings, memories, cognitions, and autonomic responses. Alternative explanations for the findings are discussed. The authors urge emotion theorists to widen their methodology and analyses so that they give careful, detailed attention to the many different factors that can influence anger. 相似文献
248.
We attempted to induce blindsight in normal observers, in an effort to replicate and extend the findings of Kolb and Braun
(1995). In that demonstration, observers were able to localize a target in the absence of visual awareness, indicated by the
lack of a correlation between localization accuracy and confidence ratings. Replication of this work seemed essential, given
the failed attempt by Morgan, Mason, and Solomon (1997). A key aspect of the present work was the use of a pointing response,
which is believed to have access to the unconscious representations subserving blindsight. In the critical rivalrous condition,
the display consisted of Gabor patterns presented dichoptically with orthogonal orientation in each eye. Binocular summation
of left and right images combined to give the appearance of a uniform plaid, camouflaging the texture-defined target. Our
attempt to demonstrate blindsight in normal observers was unsuccessful, in that the localization accuracy of the texture-defined
target and the observers’ confidence ratings were positively correlated. Although the replication was unsuccessful, the results
are valuable in that they provide closure to this widely publicized but fruitless line of inquiry. 相似文献
249.
In the present study we examined the influence of manipulating the animacy of the sentential subject on the size of the syntactic priming effect induced by violation of subject–predicate gender agreement in Hebrew. The agreement violation delayed naming incongruent compared with congruent predicates. This priming effect was stronger when the sentential subject was an animate than an inanimate noun. Additional experiments revealed that: (1) the interaction between the priming effect and animacy of the subject could not be explained on the basis of differences in the phonological transparency of the gender inflection in the two groups of nouns, and (2) it was sensitive to the ratio of animate/inanimate conditions in a block. We suggest that the interaction between the processing of agreement and the effect of animacy is influenced by a controlled process of verifying the coherence of a currently identified word within a built-up context. 相似文献
250.
Our review of the relevant research literature in the recent past strongly supports the view that personality assessment has high utility in the workplace. We review the evidence that personality assessment measures, especially those based upon the Big Five factors of personality, can effectively predict job performance and thus can be used for personnel selection. The validity of integrity testing in predicting counterproductivity on the job has been demonstrated both for overt measures of integrity and, to a lesser degree, for more general (subtle) measures of personality. We also found good evidence of validity for measures of (supervisory) management and (transformational) leadership, a complex field which includes a number of multidimensional instruments each built around its own theory. Finally, we review the empirical literature that supports the use of assessment centers and the use of personality assessment in training and development. 相似文献